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Romanesque 3: What is Romanesque Style? . III. Design on and off the pilgrimage route: Spain. The First Romanesque. Benedictine abbey of San Vicente de Cardona (Catalonia), consecrated 1040. Definitions of Romanesque. Geographic and stylistic divisions. Carolingian Empire in 843
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III. Design on and off the pilgrimage route: Spain The First Romanesque Benedictine abbey of San Vicentede Cardona (Catalonia), consecrated 1040
Definitions of Romanesque Geographic and stylistic divisions Carolingian Empire in 843 divided among Charlemagne’s heirs Region of the so-called “First Romanesque” style Lotharingia
Definitions of Romanesque Geographic and stylistic divisions Catalan group of “first Romanesque” churches
Definitions of Romanesque Geographic and stylistic divisions North Italian group of “first Romanesque” churches
Definitions of Romanesque Geographic and stylistic divisions German (Rhine River valley) group of “first Romanesque” churches
Definitions of Romanesque Geographic and stylistic divisions “First Romanesque” linkages Northern Italy (Lombardy)-Southern France-Catalonia – Catalonia-Southern France-Northern Italy (Lombardy) Lombardy, Italy
Definitions of Romanesque Geographic and stylistic divisions Holy Roman Empire-Northern Italy (Lombardy)-Rome – Rome-Northern Italy (Lombardy)-Holy Roman Empire “First Romanesque” linkages Speyer, Germany Lombardy, Italy Rome, Italy
Definitions of Romanesque Geographic and stylistic divisions Developments after “First Romanesque” Holy Roman Empire-Northern Italy (Lombardy)-Rome – Rome-Northern Italy (Lombardy)-Holy Roman Empire Rhine Valley Germany Northern Italy Speyer, Germany Lombardy, Italy Rome, Italy
II. Language of architecture: Mature Romanesque Germany (Rhine Valley) vs. Northern Italy blind arcades and dwarf galleries 2. Speyer Cathedral, Germany, 1030-1106 Modena Cathedral, Italy, 1099-1184
II. Language of architecture: Theory “Beauty is a concordance and fittingness of . . . all the individual parts to themselves and to each other and to the whole, and that of the whole to all things” (Robert Grosseteste, 13th cen., a view based on Vitruvius). Perhaps Romanesque architecture reveals the order of the universe? Romanesque cathedral at Modena, Italy
II. Language of architecture: Theory Germany (Rhine Valley) vs. Northern Italy Speyer Cathedral, Germany, 1030-1106 Modena Cathedral, Italy, 1099-1184
II. Language of architecture: Visual appeal Modena Cathedral, Italy, 1099-1184 sculptural frieze next to portal
II. Language of architecture: Theory + Visual appeal Central Italy: Tuscany Pisa Cathedral, Pisa, Italy 11th – 13th cen. (1063-1118 cathedral) bell tower baptistery cathedral
II. Language of architecture: Theory + Visual appeal Central Italy: Tuscany E.C. St. Peter’s blind arcades and dwarf galleries Early Christian St. Peter’s Romanesque Pisa Cathedral
II. Language of architecture: symbolism Central Italy: Tuscany 3. blind arcades and dwarf galleries Pisa Cathedral
II. Language of architecture: symbolism Possible symbolism of arcades Frontal of the shrine of Santo Domingo from the Abbey of Silos Spain (Burgos), 1140-50 The Morgan Beatus, 940, Spanish
II. Language of architecture: Function + Visual appeal Norman Architecture in England Anglo-Norman Durham Cathedral, England, nave 1133 clerestory passage (interior dwarf gallery)
II. Language of architecture: Theory + Visual appeal Central Italy: Tuscany Pisa Cathedral – details of exterior marble facing
II. Language of architecture: Mature Romanesque French pilgrimage church v. Central Italy St.-Sernin at Toulouse, France Pisa Cathedral, Pisa, Italy
II. Language of architecture: Mature Romanesque Central Italy: Tuscany 5. Pisa Cathedral
II. Language of architecture: Mature Romanesque piers St.-Philibert at Tournus, France (Burgundy), nave 1060
II. Language of architecture: Mature Romanesque piers St.-Savin-sur-Gartempe, western France, nave 1100
II. Language of architecture: Mature Romanesque piers Anglo-Norman nave of Gloucester Cathedral, England, nave b. 1089 cylindrical piers Anglo-Norman Durham Cathedral, England, nave 1133 cylindrical piers + compound piers
II. Language of architecture: Mature Romanesque Byzantine-Romanesque domed churches Périgueux, France Venice, Italy Constantinople St.-Front, Périgueux, France, 1120 St. Mark’s, Venice, Italy, b. 1063
III. Romanesque regional schools: Burgundy (France) The “pilgrimage church” transcends localism of Romanesque architecture Strength of local schools: Example of Burgundy and its thin wall construction
III. Romanesque regional schools: Burgundy 1088 Abbey church Cluny III – 97' tall 1077 1030 Pilgrimage St.-Sernin Toulouse - 68' tall Pilgrimage Ste. Foi, Conques 68' tall
III. Romanesque Burgundy the Cluniac model Abbey church of Cluny III, at Cluny, France, 11th- 12th century (1088-1130) model of the abbey 1090-1130 destroyed (mostly) 1789-1823 fragment of one transept remains
III. Romanesque Burgundy the Cluniac model Cluny III to rival the greatest churches in Christendom Cluny III, begun 1088, under Abbot Hugh of Cluny Cluny II, ca. 1000
III. Romanesque Burgundy the Cluniac model Where the great nave of Cluny III once stood
III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model thin wall construction flying buttresses added after vault collapsed in 1125 thin wall – clerestory and triforium, no gallery clerestorey triforium (no gallery) tall nave arcade Cluny III – reconstructive rendering of altar and ambulatory Cluny III model
III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model thin wall construction Cluny III nave Cluny III surviving south transept arm Kenneth Conant in 1931 reconstruction
III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model What was the goal of the Cluniac designers? more light? more height? greater verticality? Cluny III this bay like nave elevation interior of transept
III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model What was the goal of the designers? Cluny III – 1088-1130 Cluniac priory at Paray-le-Moniale, France, 1100-06 (photomontage)
III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model What was the goal of the Cluniac designers? Cluniac priory at Paray-le-Moniale nave crossing
III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model Did the Cluniacs want to attract pilgrims? Compare plans So-called pilgrimage churches Cluny III – 1088-1130 Paray-le-Moniale, 1100-06
III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model Did the Cluniacs want to attract pilgrims? St.-Sernin at Toulouse - chevet Cluny III - chevet
The intellect and the senses III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model Cluny III choir historiated capital depicting the 3rd tone of plain chant scale model