Learning Goals

1. Learning Goals • The students will have a broad understanding of the Civil War and how it affected Oklahoma, and the role the Indians played in the war.

2. Cherokees • All Southern Treaties with the Five Tribes were more advantageous to the Indians than had been any treaties they had made with the United States Government. • Delegates from the Cherokee tribe, the Choctaw-Chickasaw tribes, and the Creek-Seminole tribes were to sit in the Confederate Congress. • No Indian tribe ever had a delegate in the Federal Congress.

3. Creeks • The full-blood Creeks, under the leadership of Sands and Opothleyahola, called an intertribal meeting at the western edge of Creek territory. It was attended by Union sympathizers and neutrals from all the southeastern tribes. • They drafted a letter declaring their neutrality and asking the Union for the protection they had been promised in all their treaties. • Sands and Opothleyahola prepared their people to move to a new location to wait out the war. • Groups of Creeks, Seminole, Chickasaws, Cherokees, Kickapoo's, Shawnees, Delaware's, Comanche's, and African Americans loaded their possessions on their wagons and drove their livestock to converge on Round Mountain, near the mouth of the Cimarron River.

4. Confederates discovered the camp, and on November 19,1861 the first territorial battle of the Civil War took place. The Confederate troops were under the command of Colonel Douglas Cooper, and the neutral Indians were under the leadership of Opothleyahola and Sands. The Indians forced the Confederates retreat and Opothleyahola led his followers to a new hiding place near the Creek settlement, Tulsey Town. Battle of Round Mountain

5. Battle cont. • The Confederates sought out the new hiding place, and a second battle occurred. Once again the Confederate troops were driven back and the neutral Indians moved, this time making camp at Chustenalah in the Cherokee Outlet. • On December 26, 1861, Coopers troops surrounded the camp and defeated the Indians who had run out of ammunition • The men resented the hardships placed on their families and wanted to join Union troops to retake their home country. The neutral Indians were finally enlisted and volunteered as the First Regiment of Indian Home Guards.

6. Destroying the Territory • The Civil War in Indian Territory was fought Indian against Indian and no tribe was left out. • Battles were fought in all areas of the Territory and refugees roamed from one area to another.

7. Battle of Honey Springs • There were no decisive battles fought in Indian Territory, but the most important battle in the area was the Battle of Honey Springs, fought on July 17, 1863, just south of present day Muskogee. • Honey springs was the turning point of the war in Indian Territory.

8. In 1864 Confederate officials promoted Stand Waite to the rank of Brigadier General. He was the only Indian to attain such a rank His greatest victory was at the Battle of Cabin Reeks in September of 1864. He captured a Union supply train and shared the food, clothing, medical supplies, and blankets with Confederate Indian refugees camped along the Red River General Stand Waite

10. End of the War • The official end of the war came on April 9, 1865. Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee surrendered his forces to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia. • The war in Indian Territory continued into the summer. Confederate officers surrendered to Union officers at Doaksville, Choctaw nation.

11. 1.) Describe the treaties the “Indians” had made with the South. a.) More advantageous than the ones they had signed with the U.S. Government b.) Less advantageous than the ones they had signed with the U.S. Government c.) They were honored similarly to the treaties signed with the U.S. Government 2.) List a difference between the U.S. and Confederate congress for the Indians. a.) The Indians never had a delegate in the Confederate congress b.) The Indians never had a delegate in either congress c.) The Indians never had a delegate in the Federal congress 3.) Where did the first territorial battle of the Civil War take place? a.) Battle of Round Mountain b.) Battle of Honey Springs c.) Battle of Gettysburg 4.) What were the results of the first battle of the Civil War? a.) The Indians were able to make the Union soldiers retreat b.) The Indians were able to make the Confederate soldiers retreat c.) The Indians were overtaken by the Union troops 5.) Where was the Indians loyalty in the Civil war. a.) They wanted to remain neutral b.) With the Confederacy c.) With the Union 6.) What eventually happened to the Indians during the Civil War. a.) They eventually gained their independence from the Union b.) They were overtaken and enlisted as Indian Home guards c.) They eventually gained their independence from the Confederacy 7.) What battle was the turning point of the war in Indian territory? a.) Battle of Vicksburg b.) Battle of Rock Springs c.) Battle of Honey Springs 8.) Who was the only Indian to gain the rank of General? a.) Chief John Ross b.) General Stand Waite c.) General George Custer 9.) Who won the Civil War? a.) Union b.) Confederates c.) Indians 10.) When did the Civil War end? a.) 1776 b.) 1889 c.) 1865 Chapter 9 Part 2 Quiz

12. 1.) Describe the treaties the “Indians” had made with the South. 2.) Where did the first territorial battle of the Civil War take place? 3.) What were the results of the first battle of the Civil War? 4.) Where were most of the Indians loyalty in the Civil war. 5.) What eventually happened to the Indians during the Civil War. a.) They eventually gained their independence from the Union b.) They were overtaken and enlisted as Indian Home guards c.) They eventually gained their independence from the Confederacy 6.) What battle was the turning point of the war in Indian territory? 7.) Who was the only Indian to gain the rank of General? 8.) Name one thing the Civil War ended. 9.) When did the Civil War end? a.) 1776 b.) 1889 c.) 1865 10.) Who was president of the United States during the Civil War? Chapter 9 Part 2 Quiz