Ocean Habitats Chapter 12

1. Ocean HabitatsChapter 12

2. Animals of the Benthos • 98% of marine species are benthic • Hydrothermal vents • Rocky shore • Sandy shore • Coral reefs

3. Coral Reefs of the World(Figure 12-16)

4. Global distribution of coral reefs Slide courtesy of Prof. Karen Haberman, WOU

5. Coral & Zooxanthellae(Figure 12-14)

6. Coral anatomy • Zooxanthellae are within the gastrodermal layer lining of the mouth and gut. Slide courtesy of Prof. Karen Haberman, WOU

7. What does the coral animal provide to the zooxanthellae? • Nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus-containing compounds • Carbon dioxide • Location in the photic zone • Protection

8. What do the zooxanthellae provide to the coral? • Organic molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, other organic molecules) • End products of photosynthesis • 98% of a coral’s nutrition comes from the zooxanthellae • Oxygen • Aids in calcification

9. Factors affecting reef growth • Temperature • Depth • Salinity • Sediment • Wave action • Nutrients

10. Calcification • Active transport of calcium from seawater into epidermal cells of coral occurs. • Calcium carbonate deposition is 14X greater in light than in dark, so role of zooxanthellae proposed to be important • Highest deposition on sunny days at noon. • Mechanism of coupling not well-understood.

11. Calcified coral skeleton Slide courtesy of Prof. Karen Haberman, WOU

12. Coral Reef Morphology(Figure 12-17) wave surge, currents, sunlight, water depth

13. Types of coral reefs • Barrier • Fringing • Atoll (Darwin’s other theory…) Slide courtesy of Prof. Karen Haberman, WOU

14. Coral Reefs: Tops in Marine Biodiversity

15. Productivity and diversity Slide courtesy of Prof. Karen Haberman, WOU

16. Role of coral in food web • Primary producers • Primary consumers • Secondary consumers, and up

17. Angelfish Slide courtesy of Prof. Karen Haberman, WOU

18. Parrotfish Slide courtesy of Prof. Karen Haberman, WOU

19. Butterflyfish Slide courtesy of Prof. Karen Haberman, WOU

20. Wrasse Slide courtesy of Prof. Karen Haberman, WOU

21. Scorpionfish Slide courtesy of Prof. Karen Haberman, WOU

22. Jacks Slide courtesy of Prof. Karen Haberman, WOU

23. Dusky Damselfish • Beaugregory Slide courtesy of Prof. Karen Haberman, WOU

24. Yellowtail Damselfish (cont.) Slide courtesy of Prof. Karen Haberman, WOU

25. National Marine Sanctuaries Map courtesy of NOAA National Marine Sanctuary System

26. The World Ocean Floor

27. Maps courtesy of National Park of American Samoa

28. Artwork by Jayne Doucette, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

29. By OrSt grad student Emily Larkin

30. Tutuila, American Samoa Topography and Bathymetry

31. FBNMS: Some Major Issues • Natural & human impacts • Crown-of-thorns invasion, hurricanes, bleaching • Illegal fishing, sewage outfall Photos courtesy of NOAA National Marine Sanctuary System

32. FBNMS: Some Major Issues • Prior to 2001… • Sanctuary largely unexplored below depths of ~30-60 m • no comprehensive documentation of the plants, animals, and submarine topography. • Little is known of tropical “twilight zone” • shelf-edge (50-120 m deep) of coral reef habitats throughout the world

33. Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary, 2001 bathy

34. SCUBA / Rebreather Technology Images courtesy of Kip Evans, Nat. Geographic and Rich Pyle, Bishop Museum

35. Rebreather Dive Mission, FBNMS, 2001

36. GIS Terrain Analysis of the Bathymetry Emily Lundblad, OrSt M.S. Thesis

37. Emily Lundblad, OrSt M.S. Thesis

38. More “Ground Truthing” Towboard survey Photo courtesy of Kyle Hogrefe, OSU

39. 2005 Hawaii Undersea Research LabSubmersible Dives Pisces V R/V Ka‘imikai-o-Kanaloa

40. Tutuila, American Samoa Topography and Bathymetry

41. Pisces V Submersible Dives • Short program - 3 dives • Taema Bank (2), Fagatele Canyon (1) • 32 species of invertebrates IDed • 91 species of fish • 9 new “records,” i.e., never before seen in American Samoa

42. Pisces V Submersible Dive 648

44. Black-blotched stingray, 100-200 m

45. Coral Reef “Creatures” of Am. Samoa