230 likes | 583 Views
CHAPTER Two FUNDAMENTALS OF ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE. 任課老師:任維廉 教授 報告人:王鴻傑. 1. Organization Structure. Structure includes three key components : 1. Formal Reporting Relationships Number of levels Span of Control ( 一位主管可以直接管轄的部屬人數 )
E N D
CHAPTER TwoFUNDAMENTALS OF ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE 任課老師:任維廉 教授 報告人:王鴻傑
1. Organization Structure • Structure includes three key components: 1. Formal Reporting Relationships • Number of levels • Span of Control(一位主管可以直接管轄的部屬人數) • 課堂提問與討論:當Span of control越高的時候,層級數就相對越小。然而的管轄人數不一定有優缺,要視不同組織而定,還尚需考量產業環境、員工能力、主管需求等條件作調整。 2. Grouping of Individuals • 創造不同的部門 (個體→部門→組織) 3. Design of Systems • 組織的設計將會影響溝通、協調和整合 Chapter Two - Fundamentals of Organization Structure
2. Information-Processing Perspective on Structure All organizations need a mix Chapter Two - Fundamentals of Organization Structure
A Sample Organization Chart 垂直聯繫 水平聯繫 Chapter Two - Fundamentals of Organization Structure
3. Vertical Information Sharing • Vertical linkages are used to coordinate activities between the top and bottom of an organization and are designed primarily for control of the organization. Chapter Two - Fundamentals of Organization Structure
Vertical Information Sharing 1. Hierarchical referral(層級運作) • 請示及指示→指揮鏈 2. Rules and plans • 指組織的任務為例行時,所採取之標準化或合理化的相關作為 • Rules (e.g. S.O.P.) ; Plans(e.g. 預算、排程) 3. Vertical information systems • 記錄日常營運活動、產生報表、e-mail等。 Chapter Two - Fundamentals of Organization Structure
4. Horizontal Information Sharing • Horizontal linkage refers to communication and coordination horizontally across organizational departments. 1. Cross-functional information systems • 將各部門擁有的資訊整合成系統,提供各單位使用 2. Direct contact • 由一位隸屬某部門的主管與另一部門主管進行協調 • i.e. liaison role Chapter Two - Fundamentals of Organization Structure
Horizontal Information Sharing 3. Task forces(任務小組) • 針對一個短期、暫時性的特定議題,由各個功能部門推派人員所形成的跨部門小組 • E.g. 專案、委員會 4. Full-Time Integrator(專任整合者) • 獨立於所欲協調的部門之外,而從事功能部門之間的溝通工作 • E.g. product manager, project manager, or brand manager Chapter Two - Fundamentals of Organization Structure
Horizontal Information Sharing 5. Teams • 一種最強的水平聯繫。當組織需要永久性的跨部門、功能性、專業之溝通時所採取的團隊合作運作方式 • E.g. Boeing used about 250 cross-functional teams to design and manufacture the 777 aircraft. • 同學提出比較:可將task forces和teams一起討論,前者屬於短期的跨部門小組,針對特定議題解決;後者則是永久性的特性不因任務結束而瓦解。Direct contact和full-time integrator放在一起思考,前者是部門主管之間的溝通協調;後者則是永久性的協調者。 Chapter Two - Fundamentals of Organization Structure
Ladder of Mechanisms for Horizontal Linkages Chapter Two - Fundamentals of Organization Structure
5. Organization Design Alternatives • The overall design of organization structure indicates: • Required Work Activities • Reporting Relationships • Departmental Grouping Options Chapter Two - Fundamentals of Organization Structure
6. Functional, Divisional, and Geographical Designs • Functional Structure • Activities grouped by common function • Functional Structure with Horizontal Linkages • 優:Promotes economies of scale • 缺:Slow response to environmental changes • Divisional Structure • Product structure or strategic business units • 優:Suited for fast change • 缺:Loses economies of scale • 課堂提出問題:有關於DivisionalStructure不同於以往產銷人發財的部門劃分,而是針對不同的產品結構作主要分類,老師提出SBU的觀念亦為分類基準。 Chapter Two - Fundamentals of Organization Structure
Functional vs. Divisional Structure Chapter Two - Fundamentals of Organization Structure
Geographical Structure • Geographical Structure • Focuses managers and employees on specific geographic regions Chapter Two - Fundamentals of Organization Structure
7. Matrix Structure • 把職能劃分的部門和按產品劃分的小組結合起來組成一個矩陣,一名管理人員既同原職能部門保持組織與業務上的聯繫,又參加產品小組的工作。 • 優點:將企業的橫向與縱向關係相結合,有利於協作生產 • 缺點:容易產生指揮系統的混淆 • 可用來完成涉及面廣的、複雜的重大工程項目或管理改革任務。 • 課堂討論與問題:矩陣式組織容易違反指揮統一原則,一位員工必須聽從兩位主管的命令,通常橫向的產品別主管較難做人,因為員工大部分還是會以上面的功能別主管為主。課堂中提到了有關於管理學院和不同系所之間的例子,必須拿捏好不同命令的指派,才可以讓矩陣式組織有效運作。 Chapter Two - Fundamentals of Organization Structure
Sample Matrix Organization 功能別 產品別 Chapter Two - Fundamentals of Organization Structure
8. Horizontal Structure • A horizontal structure organizes employees around core processes. Organizations shift to a horizontal structure during reengineering, or business process reengineering. Chapter Two - Fundamentals of Organization Structure
9. Virtual Networks and Outsourcing • 是一個由不同的獨立的企業,如供應商、顧客、乃至於競爭者所形成之暫時的網路。 • 本質為廠商之間的跨組織合作。 • 虛擬(virtual)-指某物的力量來自他物。 • 運作方式: • 產業分工 • 著重核心能力(自己) • 將某些策略活動予以策略性外包(他人) Chapter Two - Fundamentals of Organization Structure
Virtual Networks and Outsourcing Chapter Two - Fundamentals of Organization Structure
10. Hybrid Structure • Combination of various structure approaches • Often used in rapidly changing environments • Greater flexibility • 課堂討論:目前大部分的組織都是混合型組織,可能是多種組織結構並存,對於日趨變化的未來可以較快速反應環境所產生之變化。 Chapter Two - Fundamentals of Organization Structure
11. Design Essentials • Structure must provide a framework, linking organization into whole • Provide vertical and horizontal linkages • Variety of alternatives for grouping • Virtual network extends horizontal coordination • Matrix structure attempts to achieve balance • Managers must find right balance Chapter Two - Fundamentals of Organization Structure
討論與心得 • Whichorganizationstructureisthebestone? • 我認為各種組織結構都必須配合環境與產業特性,不同條件情況下的組織結構各有利弊。但是整體而言目前的環境動態變化大、競爭激烈,組織的發展還是朝向扁平化為趨勢。 • 心得:課文列舉的組織結構清楚,讓大家可以瞭解目前的組織設計,但是現實中的組織結構仍然和產業環境有很大的關係,必須考量不同的權變因素,才能瞭解組織設計的優劣。 Chapter Two - Fundamentals of Organization Structure
實務例子─台北六福皇宮飯店 • 飯店一般為Functional Structure,依照不同的功能作部門劃分。 • 以前在宴會廳(banquet)打工,有時候會有不同的Task forces(任務小組),將不同的人員集合針對特別的婚禮、會議、記者會。 • 組織扁平化,易反應顧客需求。 TTaskforce Chapter Two - Fundamentals of Organization Structure