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Done by: Frank Song Jr. Kyra Brower Shi Guan Ming

C omparing the larvicidal activity of phytoecdysteroids present in Spinicia Oleracea subspecies. Done by: Frank Song Jr. Kyra Brower Shi Guan Ming Zhao Xing Liang. Background.

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Done by: Frank Song Jr. Kyra Brower Shi Guan Ming

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  1. Comparing the larvicidal activity of phytoecdysteroids present in SpiniciaOleracea subspecies Done by: Frank Song Jr. Kyra Brower Shi Guan Ming Zhao Xing Liang

  2. Background • Molting is a process that arthropods undergo in order to develop and grow which occurs by the shedding and re-growth of a new exoskeleton (The Insect Process of Molting, 2010) • Ecdysteroidsare insect molting hormones produced by arthropods that regulate growth, reproduction, and development (Grebenok, Galbraith, Benveniste, Feyereisen, 1996). • Hence, plants, as a protective mechanism, produce the exact replica of ecdysteroids, called phytoecdysteroids, which disrupt the development of insects.

  3. Background • Mealworms (Tenebrio Molitor) are insects from the order Coleoptera, and are viewed as pests in countries such as Mexico. (University of California, 2009). • Spinaciaoleracea(spinach) is a plant from the Chenopodiaceae family that produces ecdysteroids structurally similar to those produced by arthropods; they are known as phytoecdysteroids (Alder, Grebenok, 1999)

  4. Objectives • To test phytoecdysteroid extraction methods to find the most effective way of obtaining the purest amounts from Spinach plants. • To investigate the larvicidal activity of phytoecdysteroids that can be found in different sub-subspecies of SpinaciaOleraceaby using Tenebrio Molitor larvae as indicators of the effectiveness of the phytoecdysteroid extractions from the sub-species.

  5. Rationale • A novel larvicide may kill larva more effectively, since some larva have acquired resistance against conventional methods (Rangel et al,2009). Therefore we want to optimize phytoecdysteroid extraction and obtainment to finding another effective larvicide. • Larvicide that contains organic molecules are also biodegradable, hence it is environmentally-friendly.

  6. Hypothesis • If two different extraction methods are tested for greatest phytoecdysteroid yield and purification, then the most efficient can be found and adopted into this research. • If the larvae of Tenebrio Molitor are exposed to phytoecdysteroids from different S. Oleraceasub-species, then the plant with the most effective larvacidal capability can be found

  7. Variables

  8. HCI’s methodology

  9. Materials Resources: • Spinach plants (Spinaciaoleracea seeds) • Water • Soil • Soil mixture: Potting soil, vermiculite, peat, perlite • Methanol • Butanol Hexane • Dichloromethane • Acetone • Ethanol of 96% purity • Alumina • OctylSilane

  10. Extraction Method #2 Fractionated precipitation: • Dried plant of 6g is extracted with Methanol at a mass-volume ratio of 1:10 • After extraction, the methanolic solution is split into 3 parts. • The first part of the solution is mixed with half the volume of acetone while the second part is mixed with same volume of acetone and the last part is mixed with twice the volume of acetone.

  11. Extraction Method #2 (cont’d) • The resulting solution is then filtered and the residue is removed. • The washing solution is then added to the filtrate. • The solutions are then evaporated. • The crude extracts are redissolved in methanol at the same mass-volume ratio of 1:10. • Step 2-8 is repeated 2 more times.

  12. Extraction Method #2 cont. Solvent-solvent distribution: • After precipitation, the crude extracts are dissolved in 50% aqueous methanol. • Hexane is added to the solution to extract the non-polar compounds in the precipitate. • The aqueous methanol phase (bottom) is separated and then evaporated to dryness. • The resulting residue is dissolved in pure methanol. • The methanolic solution is mixed with aluminum oxide and the suspension was evaporated to dryness with a rotary evaporator.

  13. Extraction Method #2 cont. Chromatography: • The alumina is eluted with a hybrid of Dichloromethane- 96% Ethanol solution of ratio 9:1 and 8:2. • 70-90g (subject to experimental changes) of Alumina is mixed with the eluent. • The mixture of alumina and eluent was stirred and poured into the column until is 75% full. • The bands in the mobile phases are collected in different beakers for further tests.

  14. Extraction Method #2 cont. Purification of Ecdysteroids: For further purification, the ecdysteriods are separated by reversed-phase chromatography In reversed-phase chromatography, octylsilane is used as the stationary phase (being non-polar) instead of silica/alumina. A cotton wool of mass of 0.2 g was placed at the bottom of the column to prevent alumina from flowing out. 70- 90g (subject to experimental changes) OctylSilane is mixed with the eluent. To control the flow of the mobile phase, a vacuum will be used at the outlet.

  15. Extraction Method #2 cont. • Different concentrations of methanol are used as eluents in this chromatography. • Stepwise gradient elution is used with an increase of 5% of methanol content in each step. • Different bands of ecdysteroids will be formed on the stationary phase. • The specific hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone is isolated with methanol of 35-40% purity. • The compounds will be used against the bioassay.

  16. AOS’s methodology

  17. Materials Equipment: • Cotton Wool • Vacuum Pump • Fluorescent and incandescent bulbs • Pots • C18 Reverse-phase chromatography machinery • Temperature monitor. • Column • Wiley mill (800 micrometer mesh)

  18. Extraction Method #1 • Dissect spinach into roots and shoots and freeze them. • After freezing, lyophilize them to dryness.   • Grind each sample into fine powder using a Wiley mill (800 micrometer mesh) • Take a weighed portion (50-60mg) and place in 10ml of methanol for 48 hours.  

  19. Extraction Method #1 (cont’d) • Take a 7-ml aliquot and mix with 3ml water and partition against 10ml hexane.   • After the clear-phase separation, remove 8ml of the aqueous methanol layer and evaporate to dryness. • After drying, place residue in 5ml water and partition against 5ml butanol.   • Evaporate 4ml-aliquot of the butanol phase and re-suspend in 400 microliters of methanol before analysis.  

  20. Extraction Method #1 (cont’d) • Use reverse-phase high liquid performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with a C18 AlltechSpherisorb ODS-2, 4.6-mmx150-mm, 5 micrometer  particle column. • Use an isocratic 2-propanol-water (12:88 v/v) mobile phase to separate the 20E from the polypodine B.   • Measure the amount of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) by comparing with independent weighing of  20E.

  21. Methodology (Bio-Assay) • 10 last-instar mealworm larvae are placed in a box per setup. • A determined amount of extracts are sprayed onto the mealworms. • The mealworm larvae are left to develop for 30 days. • The deformities and mortality rate of the mealworm larvae is recorded after a day, 15 days and 30 days. • Step 1 to 4 is repeated with the extracts being injected or fed to the mealworm larvae.

  22. HCI Timeline

  23. AOS Timeline

  24. Spread of Testing

  25. Work cited • Adler, J. H., Grebenok, R. J. (1999). Occurrence, biosynthesis, and putative role of ecdysteroids in plants. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 34(4), 253-264. • Bakrim, A., Maria, A., Sayah, F., Lafont, R., Takvorian, N. (2008). Ecdysteroids in spinach (Spinaciaoleracea L.): Biosynthesis, transport and regulation of levels. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 844-854. • Grebenok, R.J., Galbraith, D.W., Benveniste, I., & Feyereisen, R. (1996). Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase, a cytochrome p450 enzyme from spinach, Spinaciaoleracea. Phytochemistry, 42(4), 927-933.The Insect Process of Molting. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.insectidentification.org • Malausa, T., Salles M., Marquet V., Guillemaud T., Alla, S., Marion-Poll, F., Lapchin L. (2006). Within-species variability of the response to 20-hydroxyecdysone in peach-potato aphid (Myzuspersicaesulzer), Phytochemistry, 52, 480-486. • Savolainen, V., Wuest, J., Lafont, R., Connat, J. L. (1995). Effects of ingested phytoecdysteroids in the female soft tick Ornithodorosmoubata. Phytochemistry. 51, 596-600. • Schmelz, E. A., Grebenok, R. J., Ohnmeiss, T. E., Bowers, W. S. (2002). Interactions between Spinaciaoleracea and Bradysia impatiens: a role for phytoecdysteroids. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 51, (204- 221). • University of Arizona. (1997). Darkling Beetle/Mealworm Information. Retrieved from September 26, 2010 http://insected.arizona.edu/mealinfo.htm • University of California (2009). Mealworms and Darkling Beetles (Tenebrio beetle). Retrieved September 26, 2010 from http://lhsfoss.org/fossweb/teachers/materials/plantanimal/tenebriobeetles.html

  26. Thank You

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