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Redox & Electrochemistry

Redox & Electrochemistry. C 3 H 8 O + CrO 3 + H 2 SO 4  Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 + C 3 H 6 O + H 2 O. What’s the point ?. REDOX reactions are important in …. Electrical production (batteries, fuel cells). Purifying metals (e.g. Al, Na, Li). Producing gases (e.g. Cl 2 , O 2 , H 2 ).

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Redox & Electrochemistry

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  1. Redox & Electrochemistry

  2. C3H8O + CrO3 + H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + C3H6O + H2O What’s the point ? REDOX reactions are important in … • Electrical production (batteries, fuel cells) • Purifying metals (e.g. Al, Na, Li) • Producing gases (e.g. Cl2, O2, H2) • Electroplating metals • Protecting metals from corrosion • Balancing complex chemical equations • Sensors and machines (e.g. pH meter)

  3. What’s the point ? REDOX reactions are important in … • Manufacture of ammonia for fertilizers • Haber Bosch Process • N2 + H2 2NH3

  4. What is Redox? • REDOX stands for REDuction/OXidation • Oxidation is often thought of as a combination of a substance with oxygen (rusting, burning) • Just like with acid/base definitions the definition of oxidation is expanded • Oxidation refers to a loss of electrons • Reduction refers to a gain of electrons • As a mnemonic remember OILRIG • Oxidation Is Loss • Reduction Is Gain

  5. What is Redox? • Loss Electrons = Oxidation • Gain Electrons = Reduction • Another mnemonic you may like • remember LEO says GER

  6. Testing concepts Q- What is oxidation? What is reduction? Represent each as a chemical equation. A- oxidation = loss of e– … X X+ + e– reduction = gain of e– … X + e– X–

  7. Testing concepts Q- Why are 2Na+Cl22NaCl & 2H2+O2H2O considered redox reactions? A- Both involve the transfer of electron density (Na has no charge, the atoms in diatomic molecules have no partial charge. After reaction the atoms have different shares of the electrons because of different EN values)

  8. Testing concepts Q- Q- Is it possible to oxidize a material without reducing something else? A- No. A lost e– is taken up by something else.

  9. Testing concepts Q- Define oxidizing agent, reducing agent. A- An oxidizing agent causes oxidation by being reduced itself A reducing agent causes reduction by being oxidized itself

  10. Testing concepts Q- Identify oxidizing and reducing agents in reactions. A- CaCl2 is an ionic compound with a positive calcium ion and negative chlorine ions Ca + Cl2 CaCl2 Ca  Ca2+ + 2e–, Cl2 + 2e– 2Cl–. Thus Ca is losing electrons (oxidation) and Cl is gaining electrons (reduction). These are called “half reactions”

  11. Oxidation numbers • We will see that there is a simple way to keep track of oxidation and reduction • This is done via “oxidation numbers” • An oxidation number is the charge an atom would have if electrons in its bonds belonged completely to the more electronegative atom

  12. Oxidation numbers • E.g. in HCl, Cl has a higher electronegativity (EN pg. 426). Thus, oxidation numbers are Cl = -1, H = +1 • Notice that oxidation numbers are written as +1 vs. 1+ to distinguish them from charges. • Instead of referring to EN chart, a few rules are followed to assign oxidation numbers

  13. Rules (and rationale) 1. Any element, when not combined with atoms of a different element, has an oxidation # of zero. (O in O2 is zero) 2. Any simple monatomic ion (one-atom ion) has an oxidation number equal to its charge (Na+ is +1, O2– is –2) 3. The sum of the oxidation numbers of all of the atoms in a formula must equal the charge written for the formula. (if the oxidation number of O is –2, then in CO32– the oxidation number of C is +4)

  14. Rules (and rationale - 12.2) 4. In compounds, the oxidation # of IA metals is +1, IIA is +2, and aluminum (in IIIA) is +3 5. In ionic compounds, the oxidation # of a nonmetal or polyatomic ion is equal to the charge of its associated ion. (CuCl2, Cl is –1) 6. F is always –1, O is always –2 (unless combined with F), H is usually +1 rule total Ox.# or rule 5 6 3 6 6 3 6 4 3 6 3 6 6 3 5 +2 +5 -8 +1 +5 -6 +2 +12 -14 -4 +6 -2 +1 -1 +1 +5 -2 +1 +5 -2 +1 +6 -2 -2 +1 -2 +1 -1 H2PO4– HNO3 K2Cr2O7 C2H6O AgI PE 2 (450), 12.9, 12.12 (484), 12.10, 12.11, 12.13 (484)

  15. More practice • Section A9 page 429 in Chem Com text. For more lessons, visit www.chalkbored.com

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