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Cell Structure & Function

Cell Structure & Function. (What do cells look like?) (What do cells do?). 2 main types of cells. Prokaryotes ( Prokaryotic ) Eukaryotes ( Eukaryotic ). Prokaryotes. Simple cells Unicellular only Typical size 1-2 μm in diameter

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Cell Structure & Function

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  1. Cell Structure & Function (What do cells look like?) (What do cells do?)

  2. 2 main types of cells • Prokaryotes (Prokaryotic) • Eukaryotes (Eukaryotic)

  3. Prokaryotes • Simple cells • Unicellular only • Typical size 1-2 μm in diameter • No nuclear membrane or other membrane-bound organelles • DNA is in a tangled loop • Some prokaryotes have a second loop of DNA called a plasmid • Cell walls vary but can be very “tough” to help the cell survive harsh environments

  4. Prokaryotic cell:

  5. Eukaryotes • Complex cells • Both unicellular & multicellular organisms. (All multicellular organisms are this type.) • Typically about 10x larger than prokaryotic cells • Many organelles – some common, some only in plant cells, some only in animal cells • DNA is extremely long so the cell condenses it to form chromosomes • Some eukaryotic cells differentiate. This means they can become different types of cells: skin cells, muscle cells, blood cells, fat cells, etc. Plants have different types of cells too.

  6. Eukaryotic cell:

  7. Comparing prokaryotes to eukaryotes

  8. Comparing prokaryotes to eukaryotes

  9. Organelles • Little “organs” inside cells. • Only found in eukaryotic cells. • Each type of organelle has its own purpose/function for the cell. • Organelles may have once been prokaryotic cells that were engulfed and then incorporated into a larger cell instead of being broken down as food.

  10. Nucleus • Holds genetic material http://www2.plymouth.ac.uk/electronmicroscopy/TEM_BIOL/slides/Nucleus.jpg November 2007

  11. Nuclear membrane • Selects what can enter and leave the nucleus

  12. Nucleolus • An area in the nucleus that makes ribosomes

  13. Nuclear pore • Controls what molecules can enter/leave the nucleus http://www.abdn.ac.uk/emunit/emunit/temcells/images/nuclear%20pore%20%20.jpg

  14. Cell wall • Supports and protects the cell. Root cell: http://www.abdn.ac.uk/emunit/emunit/templant/images/root%20cell%20%20.jpg

  15. Cell membrane • Selects what can enter and leave the cell.

  16. Cytoplasm • Includes the internal part of the cell except the nucleus. http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/Julian_Thorpe/tem2.jpg http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/Julian_Thorpe/tem22.jpg

  17. Cytosol • The gel-like fluid that surrounds the organelles in the cytoplasm.

  18. Vacuoles • Storage

  19. Lysosomes • Decomposes/digests molecules http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/proceuc/tem.jpg

  20. Ribosomes • Makes proteins (protein synthesis) (Tiny dots!)

  21. Endoplasmic reticulum • Transports molecules around the cell • Rough E.R. has ribosomes on it • Smooth E.R. lacks ribosomes http://219.221.200.61/ywwy/zbsw(E)/pic/ech7-5.jpg

  22. Golgi apparatus • Packages molecules to be released http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/Julian_Thorpe/tem12.jpg

  23. Mitochondria • Makes ATP energy from the sugars that you ate earlier http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://ebiomedia.com/prod/LC/images/UnitofLife_img_10.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ebiomedia.com/prod/LC/LCcellunit.html&h=238&w=416&sz=19&hl=en&start=40&tbnid=oAv7kJ4T5Z0hFM:&tbnh=72&tbnw=125&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmitochondria%2BTEM%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN November 2007

  24. Cytoskeleton • Supports cells with no cell wall (cyto- means cell) • Microtubules: thicker, hollow tubes • Microfilaments: thinner strands of protein http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www5.pbrc.hawaii.edu/allen/ch07/mimg/11-pmcyp730116-3m.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www5.pbrc.hawaii.edu/allen/ch07/11-pmcyp730116-3.html&h=711&w=640&sz=173&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=eKDoQPVtK0FPzM:&tbnh=140&tbnw=126&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmicrofilaments%2BTEM%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den

  25. Centrioles • Helps the cell divide View of one centriole from the end. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Spindle_centriole_-_embryonic_brain_mouse_-_TEM.jpg/180px-Spindle_centriole_-_embryonic_brain_mouse_-_TEM.jpg

  26. Chloroplasts • Converts light to sugar molecules (photosynthesis) http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Photosynthesis/Chloroplast_EN.gif

  27. Where to find these organelles:

  28. Where to find these organelles:

  29. Plant Cell & Animal Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell

  30. Cell Video http://aimediaserver4.com/studiodaily/videoplayer/?src=ai4/harvard/harvard.swf&width=640&height=520

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