Neuroscience Eric H. Chudler, Ph.D. University of Washington, Seattle, WA Email: chudler@uw

1. Neuroscience Eric H. Chudler, Ph.D. University of Washington, Seattle, WA Email: chudler@uw.edu

2. Neuroscience? • Why important? • History of neuroscience • Neuroanatomy • Neurons • Spinal cord • Brain • Senses • Movement • Learning/memory • Sleep

3. Why Neuroscience? Why is it important to understand the brain?

4. Neurological disorders are common • Education “Standards/Benchmarks” • Career Opportunities • Social Issues/Life-Style Choices • Education Practices • Knowing more about ourselves ? NEUROSCIENCE Family/Individual Society Standards/Benchmarks/Guidelines Why Study Neuroscience?

5. Economic/Emotional Costs DiseaseCost/yearCases Sleep Disorders--------------------- $ 100 billion 70,000,000 Alzheimer’s Disease----------- $ 148 billion 5,000,000 Hearing Loss--------------------- $ 2.5 billion 32,000,000 Traumatic Head Injury-------- $ 60 billion 5,300,000 Depressive Disorders--------- $ 70 billion 20,900,000 Stroke------------------------------- $ 51 billion 5,200,000 Schizophrenia-------------------- $ 32.5 billion 2,000,000 Parkinson’s Disease----------- $ 5.6 billion 1,000,000 Spinal Cord Injury--------------- $ 10 billion 250,000 Multiple Sclerosis---------------- $ 10.6 billion 400,000 Huntington’s Disease----------- $ 2 billion 30,000 Statistics from Brain Facts, Society for Neuroscience, 2008

6. Impending “Surge” (Stroke) • By 2030: • 3.88%: US population (>18 years of age) will have had a stroke. • $183.13 billion: Total direct annual stroke-related medical costs. • $56.54 billion: Indirect annual costs (attributable to lost productivity) Ovbiagele et al., Forecasting the future of stroke in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association and American Stroke Association, Stroke, 44:2361-2375, 2013.

7. Impending Global “Surge” 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 81,100,000 Estimates of dementia 42,300,000 People with dementia (millions) 24,300,000 2001 2020 2040 YEAR Ferri, C.P., et al., Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study, The Lancet, 366:2112-2117, 2005.

8. Social Consequences Legal: lie detectors, polygraph, courtroom Ethical: mental competency, cognitive enhancement Medical: brain death, life, drug abuse and mental health treatment “NEUROETHICS”

9. ? The Nervous System • What does the nervous system do? • What is the nervous system made of? • What are the parts of the nervous system?

10. Functions of the Nervous System? The Senses: see, hear, smell, taste, touch Emotions: happiness, sadness, anger Movement: muscle control Automatic responses: heart rate, breathing Cognition think, plan, problem solve Language speech, reading, writing ?

11. Brain, Brain…What is a Brain? How are these objects like a brain?

12. Composition of the Nervous System? Water (78%), lipids/fats (10%) and protein (8%). Two main types of brain cells: Nerve Cells (Neurons) - communicate with other neurons; store information Glial Cells (Glia) - support, insulation, clean-up (made of lipid [fat])

13. Composition of the Nervous System? Cerebrospinal Fluid Protection Buoyancy Excretion of waste products Endocrine medium for the brain

14. Divisions of the Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Nerves http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19588.htm

15. Central Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Divisions of the Nervous System Left Right

16. Divisions of the Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Autonomic Nervous Nervous System System Autonomic Nervous System

17. Organization of the Nervous System

18. Autonomic Nervous System

19. External Features Front Top Back Bottom Top ViewSide View Size (weight)? Gender differences?

20. Brain Size Adult human brain weight = 1.4 kg (~3 lb) (Data from Dekaban, A.S. and Sadowsky, D., Ann. Neurology, 4:345-356, 1978)

21. Brain/Body Ratio (Data from Dekaban, A.S. and Sadowsky, D., Ann. Neurology, 4:345-356, 1978)

22. Right Side Left Side Brain Hemispheres Cerebral Cortex Corpus Callosum

23. Brain Hemispheres Left Right Hemisphere Left Right Hand LANGUAGE – left side!

24. Handedness Which hand is dominant?

25. Foot, Ear, Eye Dominance Tube look Finger site Paper hole Kick ball Step up Step on Cup ear Hear wall Hear box Which is dominant?

26. Language Speaking the written word Speaking the heard word

27. Neuroanatomy Dorsal Ventral Caudal Rostral Rostral Medial Lateral Dorsal Ventral Caudal Rostral Caudal Frontal Sagittal Horizontal

28. The Brain Cerebral cortex Thalamus Midbrain Hypothalamus Cerebellum Brainstem

29. Speaking of Neuroscience Origin of brain words from Greek and Latin. Amygdala = Almond Arachnoid = Spider web Dendrite = Tree Cochlea = Snail shell

30. Function/Structure CEREBRAL CORTEX • Thought • Voluntary movement • Language • Reasoning • Perception CEREBELLUM • Movement • Balance • Posture HYPOTHALAMUS • Body Temperature • Emotions • Hunger • Thirst • Circadian Rhythms BRAIN STEM • Breathing • Heart Rate • Blood Pressure

31. Function/Structure THALAMUS • Sensory processing • Movement MIDBRAIN • Vision • Audition • Eye Movement • Body Movement BASAL GANGLIA • Movement • Reward LIMBIC AREAS (amygdala, hippocampus, etc.) • Emotions • Memory

32. The Brain Gray matter – areas of the CNS with high concentrations of cell bodies; outer surface of cerebrum (cerebral cortex) White matter – areas of the CNS with mostly myelinated axons; inner part of cerebrum Glial cells – cells in the brain that nourish and protect neurons

33. Cerebral Cortex Controls information processing; wrinkled to increase surface area Composed of 8 lobes (4 on each side)

34. Brain Areas are Specialized for Different Functions

35. Brain Areas are Specialized for Different Functions

36. Comparative Neuroanatomy 12 34 56 Comparative Mammalian Brain Museum http://www.brainmuseum.org

37. Lobes of the Brain Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe Occipital Lobe

38. Frontal Lobes Located in the forehead region Includes the motor cortex (part of brain that controls voluntary movement) Includes Broca’s area (needed for forming words; located in left hemisphere only) Association areas in this region – judgment, planning, processing new memories

40. Parietal Lobes Located on the top and rear of head Contains the sensory cortex (part of brain that registers and processes tactile information (phantom limb) Contains the angular gyrus (left hemisphere only) which is involved in converting written words into sound

42. Occipital Lobes Located in the back of the head Contains the visual cortex

43. Temporal Lobes Located on the sides of head, above ears Receives and processes auditory information Includes Wernicke’s area (left hemisphere only) - part of brain involved in understanding language

44. Corpus Callosum Bundle of nerves connecting the left and right hemispheres Corpus Callosum Men, W., et al. Brain 2013; brain.awt252 ?

45. Brain Stem Medulla – where spinal cord meets the skull; controls heartbeat and breathing Pons – above the medulla, this also controls involuntary functions. Reticular formation– bundle of nerves running through the brainstem; controls arousal; filters irrelevant background information from senses; modulates pain.

46. Thalamus Pair of egg-shaped organs above the brainstem; receives information from the senses (EXCEPT FOR SMELL) and relays it to the rest of the brain. Thalamus

47. Cerebellum Controls balance and coordination In the rear of the head, behind the brainstem

48. Spinal Cord

49. Cranial Nerves

50. VII VIII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI Test the Cranial Nerves I - smell II - vision III – eye move./pupil IV – eye move V – touch face; muscle chew VI – eye move VII – face muscles; ant 2/3 taste VIII – balance, hearing IX – post. 2/3 taste, swallow, intraoral touch X – sensory/motor/auton. viscera XI – head movement XII – tongue muscles