United States History

1. United States History Chapter 32: Struggles for Change

2. The Women’s Movement • One of the most influential people in the fight for women’s rights was Betty Friedan • The Feminine Mystique • Concluded that women were unhappy with their lives as homemakers and mothers • Many sought jobs outside the home, even before Friedan’s book • Women still earned less than men, even for the same jobs • JFK signed the Equal Pay Act in 1963 • Title VII of the Civil Rights Act protected women from discrimination in employment • Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to ensure enforcement

3. Gaining Ground • The National Organization for Women (NOW) • Formed in 1966 • Lobbied the government for women’s rights • Gloria Steinem • Helped to form the National Women’s Political Caucus that encouraged women to run for office • Founder of Ms. Magazine, created as an outlet for the liberation of women • The government responded in several ways • Education Amendment Act (1972) outlawed discrimination in education • Title IX: required colleges to offer sports for women in a fair manner • Roe v. Wade (1973): overturned laws that prevented abortions • Equal Rights Amendment: gained momentum throughout the 1960s and 1970s, but was dead in 1982

4. The chicano movement • Hispanics also fought for their rights • Movement began with Mexican American farm workers • Led by Cesar Chavez, a migrant farm worker • Workers of the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) fought for better wages in the grape industry, striking for over 5 years • Eventually signed contracts to go back to work, but formed the United Farm Workers in the process • Movement led to a broader Mexican American rights movement, even thought the UFW was not an exclusive Mexican American union

5. The Chicano Movement • Many people fought for the rights in regards to lands they had lost over the years • Reies Lopez Tijerina led the Alianza Federal de Mercedes (Federal Alliance of Land Grants) in NM • Fought to regain land that had been taken away from Mexican Americas • Violence and arrests plagued the movement and in the end, they did not win, but it inspired a new activist generation of Mexican Americans • Educational reform was also a popular issue • Students in LA in 1968 took to the streets demanding better schools and opportunities • Included members of the Brown Berets, a group similar to the Black Panthers

6. Chicano Nationalism • Other activists stood up for rights outside of farm workers, education and land grants • Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzales led the Crusade for Justice • Promoted Mexican American nationalism and separatism • Jose Angel Gutierrez formed the Mexican American Youth Organization in 1967 (MAYO) • Worked in his state of Texas for educational equality • Also helped found La RazaUnida Party in 1972 • La RazaUnida Party was a Chicano political party • Won some victories in Texas, but nationally was limited in power • Eventually dissolved in the late 1970s

7. Native American Nationalism • Red Power was formed in the 1960s to fight for rights of Native Americans • Called for rights to govern their own communities • Demanded payment for lost lands • Occupied Alcatraz Island near SF, CA in 1969 in protest • American Indian Movement (AIM) in 1968 • Called for renewal of Native culture and recognition of rights • Occupied a trading post in Wounded Knee, SD in 1972, demanding that the government negotiate with them over broken treaties • After two activists were killed, the government agreed to negotiate • The movement helped many tribes regain lands and address the problems that plague many

8. Other Groups Struggles… • People with disabilities, children and the elderly fought for their rights • Many laws passed to address peoples’ rights • Rehabilitation Act: eliminated discrimination based on disability • Education for All Handicapped Children Act: must provide education to all, regardless of disability • Children’s Defense Fund: funded to help provide children with basic means • Older Americans Act: provide elderly with basic means • American Association for Retired Persons (AARP) and the Gray Panthers: fights for the rights of the elderly

9. The Counterculture • The youth of the 1960s rejected many of the ideals of the older generation, creating a massive generation gap • College campuses were the scene of countless protests to the establishment • Out of the protest and generation gap came the hippies, hoping to create a new alternative lifestyle, contrary to the norm • Open to many “obscene” activities, like public nudity, profanity, drug use, and multiple sexual partners • Many lived on communes, where people worked together to survive • Hippie fashion became popular • Men had long hair and beards • Tie dye, jeans and beads • Many blacks wore afros

10. Hippies

11. The CounterCulture • Religion began to lose influence, but many became interested in Eastern religions, like Zen Buddhism • Art began to appeal to a wider audience • Became known as pop art • Andy Warhol used everyday things to create psychedelic pieces • The movie rating system we know today was born, giving the movie industry the power to rate

12. 1960s pop art

13. Sounds of the 1960s • Music was a large part of 1960s culture • Rock music • Influenced heavily by British artists like the Beatles and Rolling Stones • Other artists like Jimi Hendrix plugged in guitars to play distorted, very loud music • Folk music • People like Bob Dylan revitalized folk music, eventually combining it with rock • Motown and Soul • Resurgence of black musicians in the form of R & B and soul music • Woodstock • Huge festival in upstate NY in August 1969 • 3 days with over 400,000 people and dozens of bands • Very peaceful even though food and water were short • Led to the Rolling Stones playing a free show later in the year near SF, CA, but turned bloody when the Hells Angels stabbed a concert goer at the show