It’s 2164 and a historian is researching and writing about your life!

1. It’s 2164 and a historian is researching and writing about your life! In your notebook, list all of the things the historian could use to learn about your life. You lived a full life: got a job, had a family developed your hobbies, etc. I’ll get you started: When you are born, you receive a piece of paper that proves your existence! What is it?

2. Analyzing Primary Sources

3. An artifact of its time A first-hand account of a historic event A commentary or analysis of a historical event based on primary sources A Primary Source is . . . A Secondary Source is . . .

4. Primary Sources Journal or diary entries Letters Newspaper articles Pamphlets Photographs Clothing Original buildings Broadsides and posters Artifacts Cartoons Secondary Sources Text book Book written by a historian about an event A magazine article looking back on a historical event Journal article written by an expert Examples

5. Primary vs. Secondary Primary Source Secondary Source The Ohio State University First Football Team Photograph, 1890 Researcher finds photograph in the Ohio State archives

6. Why is it important to use primary sources?

7. Analyzing Documents

8. Documents • Documents: • Printed or written material relied upon to communicate, record, or prove something. • Annotate the source • Underline/ highlight key words • Takes notes in the margins- questions or comments • 6 Cs of analysis

9. 6 Cs of Primary Source Analysis- Part I • Content • Main Idea- in your own words what does it say? • Citation • Who is the Author? When was it created? • Context • What is going on in the world, country, region, locally when this document was created?

10. 6 Cs of Primary Source Analysis- Part II • Connections • How does this source relate to thing you already know or have learned about? • Communication • What is the author’s point of view or bias? • Conclusions • What can you interpret from the source? How does it help us understand history?

11. Let’s Try It!

12. Master Leonardo—Hearing that you are staying in Florence, we have conceived the hope that something we have long desired might come true: to have something by your hand. When you were here and drew our portrait in charcoal, you promised one day to do it in colour. But because this would be almost impossible, since it would be inconvenient for you to move here, we beg you to keep your good faith with us by substituting for our portrait another figure even more acceptable to us: that is, to do a youthful Christ of about twelve years old, which would be the age he was when he disputed with the doctors in the Temple, and executed with that sweetness and soft ethereal charm which is the peculiar excellence of your art. If we are gratified by you in this strong desire of ours, you shall know that beyond the payment, which you yourself shall fix, we shall remain so obliged to you that we shall think of nothing else but to do you good service, and from this very moment we offer ourselves to act at your convenience and pleasure. Expecting a favourable reply, we offer ourselves to do all your pleasure. • Isabella d’Este to da Vinci, 14 May 1504

13. Analyzing Artwork

14. ODIP Method • Observe • Describe • Interpret • Prove

15. OBSERVE • Look closely. • What do you see? • What information is there? • Create a list

16. DESCRIBE • Describe what you see. • If you were asked to describe this painting to someone what would you say? What descriptive words would you use? What details would you provide?

17. INTERPRET • What do you think is going on in the painting? • What story is it trying to tell? • What is the artist trying to say?

18. PROVE • Back up your interpretation • What lead you to that conclusion? • What clues led you to the interpretation? • Use specific evidence from the painting.

19. Let’s Try It!!

20. Michelangelo’s “Creation of Adam”, Sistine Chapel

21. Analyzing Political Cartoons

22. What is a political cartoon? • To make a point about a political issue or current event. • To persuade the reader of the cartoonist’s point of view. • Current to its time • What is the point of view in this cartoon?

23. Cartoonists’ Techniques • Used to get their point across. • Not all used in every cartoon. • Examples: • Symbolism • Irony • Exaggeration • Analogy • Labeling

24. Symbolism • Using an object to stand for an idea. Uncle Sam= USA 1899

25. Common Symbols in Cartoons • Dove/Olive branch = peace • Vulture/buzzard/skull/ bones = death • Elephant = Republican party • Donkey = Democratic Party • Uncle Sam = US Government/American people • Tortoise = slow mover/winner • Hare = quick mover/loser • Capital Building Dome = Congress • White House = President • Scales/Balance = Justice/fairness • Statue of Liberty/Liberty Bell = Freedom • Bear/Chains/Ocean = Strength • Acorn = growth/youth

26. Irony • Irony is the difference between the way things are and the way they are expected be. • Used by cartoonists to express their opinion. 1899

27. Exaggeration • Often, cartoonists will overdo, or exaggerate, the physical characteristics of people or things to make a point. (Stereotypes)

28. Analogy • Analogy – Comparing 2 unlike things. • Helps readers see things in a different light or to make a connection with the cartoonist. Who/What is Uncle Sam being compared to? Who are the territories being compared to?

29. Labeling • Cartoonists often label things to make it clear exactly what they stand for or to help the viewer understand the cartoon.

30. STAM • See • What do you see- people, objects, words, etc • Techniques • Symbols, Exaggeration, Irony, Analogy, Labeling • What do they mean? • Audience (& Context) • Who is the intended audience? • What is the context of the time? • Message • What is the message /opinion of the cartoonist?

31. Let’s Try It!

32. Labeling Exaggeration Irony Analogy American Public Context: Civil Rights Movement, March on Washington 1963