Part 2: Environmental Issues

1. Part 2: Environmental Issues and the search for solutions www.aw-bc.com/Withgott

2. Chapter 8: Human Population • its approaching 7 billion • population growth rate is at 1.2% www.aw-bc.com/Withgott

3. U.S.Population U.S.Population Growth 2000-2012

4. Effect of Population on the Environment www.aw-bc.com/Withgott

10. Population as a Factor that affect the Environment • As population increases it takes more space, resources and generates waste • IPAT model • I= impact • P= population • A= affluence • T= technology • I = P x A x T

11. Other factors to consider • many factors could be considered but the most important ones are: • Sensitive factor • if the environment where the population is located is sensitive to human pressure, that factor (S) has to be considered as well • I = P x A x T x S • pollution • resource consumption

12. Effect of Population Growth on the Environment www.aw-bc.com/Withgott

13. Demography • study of human population • environmental impact depends on • density • distribution • technology • composition

14. Density and Distribution • clumped distribution • cities and towns • highest in temperate, subtropical and tropical • Europe • China and India • Africa • lowest in extreme-climate biomes, have high S value in IPAT • desert • tundra • deep rainforest

15. Age Distribution: low vs. high growth rate www.aw-bc.com/Withgott

16. China www.aw-bc.com/Withgott

17. US Baby Boomers and Echo Boomers www.aw-bc.com/Withgott

18. Dallas Census Dallas Census www.censusscope.org

19. Factors Affecting Population Growth • birth rate • declined due to birth pill and education • death rate • declines due to technology • immigration and emigration • created environmental degradation in areas where war caused people to flee • Rwanda genocide in the 80's • Sudan civil war

20. Total Fertility Rate Average number of children born per female individual, during lifetime Factors that lower the # -low children mortality rates -increasing urbanization -children impose costs -women in the workforce www.aw-bc.com/Withgott

21. Life Expectancy • average number of years a person is expected to live from birth. • increase in life expectancy • reduced rates of infant mortality • urbanization • industrialization • personal wealth • improved quality of life

22. Demographic Transition www.aw-bc.com/Withgott

23. Woman's Rights • contraceptive availability • education • opportunities • personal freedom of choice • as a result children are better cared for • as a consequence the environment is less affected www.aw-bc.com/Withgott

24. Population Policies and Family Planning • China- 1.3 billon people • one child policy since the 70s • India- 1 billion people • sterilization • two child policy • incentives • education • contraception • reproductive health care

25. www.aw-bc.com/Withgott • Poverty Strongly Correlated with Population Growth

26. Poverty vs Population Growth • GNI= gross national income • PPP= purchasing power parity www.aw-bc.com/Withgott

27. Consumption from Affluent Societies • can be equal or worse than a high density poor population • affluent societies consume resources from other localities plus theirs • larger footprints • 1 American= 6 Chinese=12 Indians/Ethiopians • humans live 25% above the environment's carrying capacity • global sustainability is needed

28. HIV/AIDS • 67.5% of infected population is in the sub-Sahara desert • high natality • high mortality • life expectancy dropped from 59 to 40 in the last decade • Caribbean and Southeast Asia is next • 10 million expected to be infected between 2005-2010

29. Demographic Changes due to HIV/AIDS • young productive citizens are affected by HIV/AIDS • Zambia: 600 teachers die of AIDS, 300 are graduated per year • Rwanda: 1:3 of the college educated are infected • demographic fatigue • government is overwhelmed by demands • stretched beyond capabilities • government collapses and chaos arises • THE END