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Opposing Policy Propositions

Opposing Policy Propositions. Refutation. Refuting means proving a person or statement to be wrong . In other words, refutation is an attempt to prove that the opposing claims, the evidence, and the reasoning are false. . Strategizing refutation.

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Opposing Policy Propositions

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  1. Opposing Policy Propositions

  2. Refutation • Refuting means proving a person or statement to be wrong. • In other words, refutation is an attempt to prove that the opposing claims, the evidence, and the reasoning are false.

  3. Strategizing refutation • Although for each advanced claim there can be a counter claim, there rarely is a need to actually counter all claims of the opponent. • In most real arguments there is not enough time to poke at every aspect of the opponent’s argument.

  4. How to find the weakest point? Understanding the argument • Finding the main claim, the thesis • Finding the reasons supporting the thesis; main points • Identifying the reasoning • Identifying supporting evidence.

  5. Refute the Reason for Change

  6. Refute the Reason for ChangeChallenge the Problem • The problem is not severe • The problem is stable or declining • The problem is narrow (the scope) • The problem is of little importance for the audience

  7. Challenge the accuracy of causesThe origins of the problem • What is the cause of the problem? • Is this the real cause of the problem? • Is the cause structural or attitudinal?

  8. Refute the Solutions • Identify Barriers • Dispute Workability • Present Disadvantages

  9. Identify Barriers • Policy is not available E.g., technology is not available • Policy is not acceptable E.g., policy will not pass constitutional scrutiny

  10. Dispute Workability • The policy is not affordable • Show costs / benefits analysis • The policy is difficult to implement • The policy cannot be enforced

  11. Present Disadvantages • The policy has unintended effect • It makes things worse • It creates more problems

  12. Offer a Counterproposal • Only after you exhausted all other means of refutation

  13. Question criteria / standards used for any value propositions / claims Show that criteria / standards are: • Not clear / vague / ambiguous • Difficult to apply / difficult to measure in practical situations • Not acceptable for the audience (be careful here: this challenge is a claim of value in itself)

  14. Question propositions of fact Refute evidence • Inaccurate / False / Insufficient • Incomplete • Inconsistent • Not recent enough • Sources Biased • Sources Unreliable

  15. Challenge ReasoningIdentify logical fallacies • Hasty Generalization • Forcing a Dichotomy (false dilemma) • Ad Hominem • Appeal to Authority / Tradition / People • Circular reasoning • Confirmation Bias

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