Omejitve svobodne trgovine

1. Omejitve svobodne trgovine Thai Cigarettes

2. Thai Cigarettes • 1989  ZDA zahtevajo konzultacijo (postopek) s Tajsko zaradi domače zakonodaje, ki po mnenju ZDA ovira prost promet tobačnih izdelkov in s tem krši člen XI in XX(b) GATT sporazuma • 1990  Svet GATT oblikuje panel in postopek se začne • Dejansko stanje  • Omejitve uvoza • Notranji davki

3. Thai Cigarettes • 1966 – Tobacco ACT, 4. člen • “…the importation or exportation of tobacco seeds,tobacco plants, tobacco leaves, plug tobacco, shredded tobacco and tobacco is prohibited except bylicence of the Director-General of the Excise Department or a competent officer authorized by him.” • Kaj je “tobak”? • “…cigarettes, cigars, other tobacco rolled for smoking,prepared shredded tobacco including chewing tobacco“ • Edino dovoljenje za uvoz tobaka  Thai Tobacco Monopoly, ki uvoz opravi zgolj trikrat od 1966 do 1989…

4. Thai Cigarettes • Notranji davki • trošarine  • Domače cigarete - do 60% prodajne cene • Uvožene cigarete – do 80% prodajne cene • Davek na dobiček • 1.5% od prodajne cene tobačnega izdelka (domači in tuji) • Vendar  Tobacco Act  proizvajalci cigaret in ostalih tobačnih izdelkov so izvzeti…

5. Thai Cigarettes • Argumenti ZDA  • Omejitve uvoza (člen XI GATT) • “the restrictions on imports of cigarettes by Thailand were inconsistent with Article XI of theGeneral Agreement and were not justified by the exception contained in Article XI:2(c),because cigarettes were not an agricultural or fisheries product in the meaning of Article XI,the restrictions operated as an import prohibition, they were not imposed in conjunction withdomestic supply restrictions and they had adisproportionate effect on imports”

6. Thai Cigarettes • Argumenti ZDA • Notranji davki  • “Thailand's excise tax on cigarettes was inconsistent with Article III:1 and III:2 because itpermitted the application of a higher rate for imported cigarettes than for like domesticproducts, in the event that imports of cigarettes were authorized;” • “Thailand's business and municipal taxes on cigarettes were also inconsistent with Article III:1and III:2 because only domestic products or imports effected by local manufacturers wereexempted from payment of the taxes.”

7. Thai Cigarettes • Člen XI GATT • No prohibitions or restrictions other than duties, taxes or other charges, whether made effective through quotas, import or export licences or other measures, shall be instituted or maintained by any contracting party on the importation of any product of the territory of any other contracting party or on the exportation or sale for export of any product destined for the territory of any other contracting party. • The provisions of paragraph I of this Article shall not extend to the following: • (a) Export prohibitions or restrictions temporarily applied to prevent or relieve critical shortages of foodstuffs or other products essential to the exporting contracting party; • (b) Import and export prohibitions or restrictions necessary to the application of standards or regulations for the classification, grading or marketing of commodities in international trade; • (c) Import restrictions on any agricultural or fisheries product, imported in any form, necessary to the enforcement of governmental measures which operate: • (i) to restrict the quantities of the like domestic product permitted to be marketed or produced, or, if there is no substantial domestic production of the like product, of a domestic product for which the imported product can be directly substituted; or • (ii) to remove a temporary surplus of the like domestic product, or, if there is no substantial domestic production of the like product, of a domestic product for which the imported product can be directly substituted, by making the surplus available to certain groups of domestic consumers free of charge or at prices below the current market level; or • (iii) to restrict the quantities permitted to be produced of any animal product the production of which is directly dependent, wholly or mainly, on the imported commodity, if the domestic production of that commodity is relatively negligible.

8. Thai Cigarettes • Je tobak kmetijski izdelek? • So cigarete kmetijski izdelek? • Tajski argument  • “import restrictions on cigarettes were necessary to the enforcement of governmentalmeasures which operated to restrict the quantities of the like domestic product.Allowing cigaretteimports would undermine government policy to reduce the tobacco planting area and cigaretteproduction.”

9. Thai Cigarettes • Kontraargument ZDA  • Ni sledi o resnih dokumentih glede ukrepov za zmanjševanje pridelave tobaka • Podatki kažejo na povečevanje prodaje in porabe tobaka in tobačnih izdelkov • Podatki kažejo na programske usmeritve za povečevanje izvoza tobaka in tobačnih izdelkov • Preprečevanje uvoza se je de facto nanašalo ZGOLJ na uvoz cigaret in ne tobaka ali tobačnih izdelkov (like products…) • “A recent Panel report had noted that the drafters of Article XI hadagreed that the exception "was not intended to provide a means of protecting domesticproducers against foreign competition" and "should not be construed as permitting the use ofquantitative restriction as a method of protecting the industrial processing of agricultural orfisheries products”

10. Thai Cigarettes • Argumenti ZDA • Omejitve uvoza (člen XX GATT) • “…the restrictions could not be justified under Article XX(b) since as applied by Thailandthey were not necessary to protect human health…” • Člen GATT XX (b) • Subject to the requirement that such measures are not applied in a manner which would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where the same conditions prevail, or a disguised restriction on international trade, nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to prevent the adoption or enforcement by any contracting party of measures: • (b) necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health

11. Thai Cigarettes • Argumenti Tajske • Tobak (in cigareti) kot sredstvo boja proti uporabi nedovoljenih mamil… • “The production oftobacco had not altogether been prohibited in Thailand because this might have led to production andconsumption of narcotic drugs having effects even more harmful than tobacco, such as opium,marijuana and kratom (a plant with fragrant yellow flowers and intoxicating leaves). Historically, themanufacturing of cigarettes in Thailand had been aimed at providing a legal substitute for narcoticproducts which were themselves outlawed. Cigarette production in Thailand was a state-monopolyunder the Tobacco Act, because the government felt the need to have total control over such a productwhich, even though legal, could be extremely harmful to health.”

12. Thai Cigarettes • Argumenti Tajske • Tajska vlada je sprejela številne ukrepe  • adopting a comprehensive national programme for the control of tobacco use; • - establishing a body, the National Committee for Control of Tobacco Use (NCCTU), toimplement the national programme; • - imposing a total ban on direct and indirect advertising of cigarettes in all media, legallyenforced under the authority of the Consumer Protection Act; • - informing the general public about the dangers of smoking; • - requiring the printing of seven rotatory health warnings on the packages of cigarettes, inaccordance with the Consumer Protection Act; • - prohibiting smoking in all public transport, health establishments and other public places; • - improving data collection on smoking and health; • - promoting research on smoking and health.

13. Thai Cigarettes • Argumenti Tajske • Konkurenca na področju tobačnih izdelkov škoduje • Ameriške cigarete so bolj škodljive • Ukrep prepovedi uvoza je izboljšal stanje na Tajskem • “the smoking rate among the Thai population over 10 years of age declinedfrom 30.1 per cent in 1976 to 27.8 per cent in 1981, 26.4 per cent in 1986 and 25 per cent in 1988. Inaddition per capita consumption of tobacco declined at a rate of 2.2 per cent a year between 1974-76and 1984-86.”

14. Thai Cigarettes • Argumenti Tajske • "a characterization of the chemical composition and adverse biologicalpotential of these additives is urgently required, but is currently impossible because cigarette companiesare not required to reveal what additives they employ in the manufacture of tobacco" (USDHHS, 1984).” • “some United States cigarettes contained nicotine which was extracted fromtobacco leaf, resprayed back into the leaf as part of a process called "reconstituting" the tobacco.” • “Re-adding nicotine in chemical form to tobacco leaf may make United States cigarettes different fromThai cigarettes in the strict sense of the word and make them more addictive, since it could makeinhalation easier and absorption of nicotine by the bloodstream and the brain more efficient.”

15. Thai Cigarettes • Odločitev Panela  • The quantitative restrictions on the importation of cigarettes maintained by Thailand under Section27 of its Tobacco Act of 1966 are contrary to Article XI:1 and are not justified by Article XI:2(c)(i),Article XX(b), or paragraph 1(b) of Thailand's Protocol of Accession.