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MALARIA IN CAMEROON – WEST AFRICA Presented by Florence Angu PhD Student in Public Health –Epidemiology Walden Universit

MALARIA IN CAMEROON – WEST AFRICA Presented by Florence Angu PhD Student in Public Health –Epidemiology Walden University Professor : Dr. Denise Feda Summer, 2012. Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates. Order of presentation (cont.). Pathophysiology Clinical presentation

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MALARIA IN CAMEROON – WEST AFRICA Presented by Florence Angu PhD Student in Public Health –Epidemiology Walden Universit

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  1. MALARIA IN CAMEROON – WEST AFRICA Presented by Florence Angu PhD Student in Public Health –Epidemiology Walden University Professor : Dr. Denise Feda Summer, 2012 Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates.

  2. Order of presentation (cont.) • Pathophysiology • Clinical presentation • Epidemiology • Malaria burden in Cameroon • Treatment • Prevention and control

  3. Order of presentation (cont.) • Discussion • Questions and personal thoughts • Additional resources • References

  4. Introduction of Topic Facts about malaria! Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates.

  5. Purpose of presentation • Build more awareness of the severity of malaria • Develop strategic planning and funding decisions • Develop more efficient methods of eliminating the vector. • Implement more reliable diagnostic testing, disease surveillance and health information • Develop better policies and decision making Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates.

  6. Learning outcomes • By the end of this presentation, participants would be able to: • Verbalize some malaria parasites. • Name the causes of malaria. • Verbalize the signs and symptoms of malaria. • Identify some mosquitoes breeding sites. • Identify methods of prevention and control. Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates.

  7. History • Important dates and figures • 2700 BC Characteristic symptoms of malaria first described in the Chinese Canon of Medicine. • By the 4th century BCE, extensively recognized in Greece. • 1880-Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran discovered the malaria parasite (CDC, 2010). Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates.

  8. History (cont.) • 1890-1897 Naming of the malaria plasmodium. • 1897-1898 Ronald Ross demonstrated that mosquitoes transmit malaria parasites. • 1898-1899 Italian investigators proved the transmission of the human malaria parasites plasmodium (CDC, 2010). Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates.

  9. History (cont.) • 4000-5000 Advent of agriculture in Africa. • Before 1500 Malaria present in Cameroon. • 1870 European settlement • After 1870 anthropophilic index of the vectors of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa • 21st century malaria and Cameroon (Kakkilaya, 2011). Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates.

  10. Malaria outbreaks : • Nepal - 1999 1162 cases • Sri Lanka – 2000 72 deaths • Bangladesh – 2000 16000 clinical cases, 177 deaths; In 2004, 8526 cases; In 2005 1087 cases and 14 deaths • Indonesia 2004-2005 18,812 cases, 87 deaths • Jamaica – 2006-2007 370 cases • United States- 2008 Almost 1000 cases reported (WHO, 2012). Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates.

  11. Malaria transmission locations • Malaria Outbreaks : Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates. (CDC, 2012).

  12. The organism I will feast on your blood!!! Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates. Source: news.softpedia.com

  13. What it is ! • Anopheles mosquitoes • Female • Single-celled microscopic parasites • Group- plasmodium (Atangana et al., 2009). • Veritable friend to the red blood cells (RBC) Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates.

  14. Pathophysiology How this mosquito infects human beings. Transmission Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates.

  15. Clinical Presentation Source: http://www.digherbs.com/malaria-treatment.html Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates.

  16. Epidemiology • Prevalence- Affect 300-500 million people yearly • Incidence -At least 41% of total population/ year • Mortality - 1.5 to 2.5 million death yearly ( Atangana, et al., 2009; Ndo et al., 2011). • Morbidity- 40-45% Nsagha et al., ( 2011) ; Ndo et al., ( 2011) Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates.

  17. Malaria burden in Cameroon • 45-50% consultations, • 23% of hospitalisation in children <5 years • 40% of all death in children <5 years • 26% of job absenteeism • 65% of school absenteeism • 40% of the annual health budget (Cameroon Coalition Against Malaria [CCAM], 2007, Kimbi et al., 2010). Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates.

  18. Malaria burden in Cameroon • Malaria in pregnancy • 60% of pregnant women suffer from malaria • It is 4 times more likely to strike pregnant women than other adults • It has implications for both mother and child accounting for maternal and under-5 deaths (Cameroon Coalition Against Malaria [CCAM], 2007). Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates.

  19. Treatments Antimalarial • Quinine • Chloroquine • Artemisinin • Pyrimethamine • Mefloquine • Sulphadoxine Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates. • (Mbacham et al., 2010); Nsagha et al., (2011).

  20. Treatments (cont.) • Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (Fansidar) (SP) • Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone) • Amodiaquine (AQ) • Combination of SP & AQ • Anagelsics : panadol and paracetamol • Street drugs • Native drugs and medicinal plants. Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates. • (Mbacham et al., 2010); Nsagha et al., (2011). (Mbacham et al., 2010); Nsagha et al., (2011).

  21. Prevention and control • Diagnosis and treatment of clinical cases (Ndo et al., 2011). • Promotion of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) • Insecticide spray/ mosquito coils. • Environmental sanitation. • Netting of doors and windows (Ndo et al., 2011). Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates.

  22. Prevention and Control (cont.) Malaria support initiatives: • CCAM • Roll Back Malaria • Government initiatives • Global Fund Initiatives Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates.

  23. Questions and personal thoughts • Questions? • Personal thoughts ? • Contributions? Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates.

  24. Additional Resources : • http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/mosquitoes/map.html • http://nursewriter.com/2008/10/infection-malaria_28.html • http://www.cdc.gov/malaria • http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en • http://www.who.int/topics/malaria/en • http://www.netsforlifeafrica.org/malaria/malaria-statistics ( Malaria Statistics) Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates.

  25. References • CDC, (2010). Frequently asked questions (FAQs). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs/html • Microsoft Corporation. (2012). PowerPoint templates. Retrieved from http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/templates/results.aspx?qu=presentations&av=zpp&queryid=5f994999%2D1175%2D4045%2D9e4a%2D02269d88e5ed#pg:2| Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates.

  26. References (cont.) • CDC, (2010). About malaria. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/ • Kakkilaya, B.S. (2011). Malaria site: History of malaria parasite and its global spread. Retrieved from http://www.malariasite.com/malaria/history_parasite.htm • http://www.news.softpedia.com Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates.

  27. References (cont.) • Mbacham, W., Evehe, M., Netongo, P., Ateh, I., Miniche, P., Ajua, A., & …Greenwood, B. (2010). Efficacy of amodiaquine, sulphadioxine-pyrimethamine and their combination for the treatment of uncomplicated plasmodium falciparum malaria in children in Cameroon at the time of policy change to artemisinin-based combination therapy. Malaria Journal, 934 Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates.

  28. References (cont.) • Ndo, C., Menze-Djantio, B. & Antonio-Nkondjlo, C. (2011). Awareness, attitudes and prevention of malaria in the cities of Douala and Yaounde (Cameroon). Parasites and Vectors, 4181 • Nsagha, D., Nsagha, S., Shey, C., Njunda, A., Kamga, H., & Njamnshi, A. (2011). Knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to malaria in a semi-urban area of Cameroon: choices and sources of antimalrials, self treatment and resistance. East African Journal of Public Health, 8(2), 98-102 Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates.

  29. References (cont.) • Cameroon Coalition Against Malaria [CCAM], (2007). Fact Files: Malaria burden in Cameroon. Retrieved from http://www.cameroon-coalition-malaria.org/pages/fact_files.html • Bigaga, J.D., Manga, L., Titanji, V.P.K., Coetzee, M., & Leke, R.G.F. (2007). Malaria vectors and transmission dynamics in coastal south- western Cameroon. Malaria journal doi:10.1186/1475-6-5 Microsoft Corporation. (2012) PowerPoint templates.

  30. References (cont.) • Atangana, J., Fondjo, E., Fomena, A., Tamesse, J.L., Patchoke, S., Ndjemai, H. N.M., & Ndong, P.A.B (2009). Seasonal variations of malaria transmission in Western Cameroon highlands: Entomological, parasitological and clinical investigations. Journal of Cell and Animal Biology 3(3) p. 033-038 Retrieved from http://www.academicjournals.org/JCAB • Kimbi, K.H., Nyabeyen N.H., Ajeageh,U.H., Keka, C.F., Asaah, G.H. & Ngouadrjio, N.C. (2010). Overwhelming malaria prevalence in Cameroonian school children. Retrieved from http://www.ured-douala.com/download/overwhelming_malaria_prevalence_in_Cameroonian_schoolchildren.pdf

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