NATIONAL SECURITY / NATIONS SECURITY

1. NATIONAL SECURITY / NATIONS SECURITY I.Background Human collectivities, in their evolution had, as prior concern, the safeguard of identity, sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity. This means that states, as political organization framework of human communities, have built a national security policy for defending and promoting their interests.

2. I. Background(cont.): • States have taken action in two directions: • firstly, states have always been preoccupied to have their own defence policy in conjunction with a foreign policy, in order to develop military alliances, at the beginning, and after that in order to build security structures in other fields: economic, social etc.; secondly, the development of internal law regulations which create necessary structures to defend the interests and to maintain the social balance, to ensure the operation of human collectivities and, in the field of foreign policy, to develop regulations as global, regional, zonal or bi-lateral international agreements.

3. II. Definition (s): National Security represents “ the state capability to defend its values, the political system and the territory”. In fact, security represents “ a state/situation, desired and built by the political power of a state so that the material interests can be achieved without being endangered”.

4. III. Objectives: The course aims to facilitate the students' understanding of “ the national context” and the national security limits in which Armed Forces have to play a major role and to operate. During the course the following areas will be covered: - analysis of the modality in which the political system elements — political power, political organizations and institutes, political doctrines etc. — organize and lead the society in order to accomplish the national interests; - equipping students with a set of paradigms and analytical frameworks to understand, explain and predict developments in the various spheres of the national security dimension, approaches to security matters by different states;

5. III. Objectives (cont.): - discussing the mechanisms through which the political power organizes and leads the entire activity of achieving a state's national security; - discussing the interaction between national security and bi-lateral, zonal, regional, continental and global security systems; a particular accent on the relationship with EU and NATO; - evaluation of the national security strategies viability under globalisation conditions, with accent on the ratio between national security — euroregions and national security, regional and continental organizations and institutes in Europe.

6. IV. Concept(s): The course is designed in the form of lectures, individual study of the relevant literature and seminars. The course program is implemented in regular college student syndicates. The course includes a number of lectures in order to give students a solid basis for further study of the relevant literature. Introduction is followed by a period of relatively intensive reading. Subsequently, there is a number of supplementary lectures. Possibilities will be offered for questions and discussion with lectures. The course also includes a series of seminars where students are expected to have an active participation and to present their own opinions and share their ideas.

7. IV. Concept (cont.): • a. Political issues • - Political power — political authority; legitimacy on political decision bases (the pressure groups such as syndicates, bodies, NGO). • - Political regime — types of regimes: democratic, undemocratic. • - Political organizations and institutes — the state, political parties with their doctrines, programs (the accent on the issues related to the security problems). • - The mechanism for developing the decisions for the preservation of the national security — public power bodies which have activities, roles, tasks in the field of national security. • Question for a seminar: Does a political regime influence national security?

8. IV. Concept (cont.): • b. National interests • - Categories and types of interests. • - National interests and their nature. • -Relationship between national interests and political power. • - Economic interests. • - National interests and the human rights. • Question for a seminar:Is national security still necessary?

9. IV. Concept (cont.): • c. Security strategies — historical perspective • - State organization forms — their evolution in the history of the nation. • - Historical models which state formations adopted in different stages of our evolution (WW1, the interwar period, WW2). • - State formations in the last decade of the 20th century. • - New models — their evolution. • - New challenges and threats against the nations, states (economic, social, demographic, religious, ethnic, military). • Question for a seminar:Does globalisation influence national security?

10. IV. Concept (cont.): • d. Security strategies — European and Euroatlantic perspective • - The harmonization between the states' security strategies and European and Euroatlantic security structures. The security strategy of the EU member states; relationships between them; relationships between them and the ESDI concept. • - Security strategies of the states which are candidates to the EU membership. • - Security strategies of the non-NATO member states which want to be integrated in EU and NATO structures. The harmonization of their security strategies with those of the EU and NATO members. • Question for a seminar: Can a single country (Romania) ensure its own national security in a globalising world?

11. V. Course Requirements: Audience: senior officers with background in national security, mid-career civil servants. Examinations: One examination comprises the whole course and is carried out in the form of an essay (pre-Bachelor’s level). Participation in all lectures and seminars is required. If this requirement is not met, contact is to be made with the Senior Lecturer in Strategy. Students should find out the criteria on existential domains…scientific, spiritual and military, economic, politic, and cultural. Based on these criteria one could identify the ethnic, religious, cultural, economic factors for the evaluation of the security strategies viability under globalisation conditions.

12. VI. Readings • Buzan, B. (1983, 2nd ed. 1991). People, States & Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf. • Introduction; • Chapter 2: “National Security and the Nature of the State”; • Chapter 3: “National Insecurity: Threats and Vulnerabilities”; • Chapter 5: “Regional Security”; • Chapter 8: “The Power-Security Dilemma”. • Defarges, P. M.Contemporary International Organisations, European Institute, 1998. • Deac, L. and Irimia, I. Security and National Defence, Bucharest, 1999. • Brezinski, Z.Central and Eastern Europe in the Transition Storm, Bucharest, 1995.

13. VI. Readings(cont.): Boncu, S.European Security in Transition. Challenges and Solutions, ed. Anco-Press, 1995. Smith, H.Power Game, ed. ALL, Bucharest, 1998. Onisor, C.Military Strategy Theory, Bucharest, 1999. Onisor, C.Military Lexicon, ed. Saca, Republic of Moldavia, 1994. Onisor, C. Elements of Romanian Strategic Art, Bucharest, 2001. Onisor, C. National Defence College Foundation Revue, No.1, 2/1999; 1,2/2000; 1/2001, Bucharest.

14. VI. Readings(cont.): Toffller, F. and Gates, B. Changing of the Global Order, 1998. Zysman, S. and Weber, J. Why the Changed Relation Between Security and Economy Will Alter the Character of the EU, Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy (BRIE), 1997. XXX – Romanian Military Strategy in the Modern Era, Bucharest, 1999. XXX – TheRomanian Constitution, Bucharest, 1992. XXX – Law of Romania's National Defence, Bucharest, 1994. XXX – Romania's National Security Strategy, Bucharest, 1999. XXX- Military Science Compendium, vol. I and II, Bucharest, 2001.