OPENER: Test Review

1. OPENER: Test Review What is a platelet plug? Why are some blood types incompatible? What are the two blood pressure numbers?

2. Leukocytes: Granulocytes • Neutrophils • Phagocytize bacteria • Eosinophils • Attack parasitic worms • Combat allergic reactions • Basophils • Contain histamine to cause vasodilation (inflamation) • Contain heparin: anticoagulant

3. Leukocytes: Agranulocytes p. 227 • Lymphocytes: create antibodies • T lymphocytes • B lymphocytes • Monocytes • Macrophages • Clean-up • video

4. Antibodies video

5. OPENER • What are some ways your immune system served you over the past few days?

6. Cause of disease • Pathogen: disease-producing microorganism • Virulence: disease-causing power of the pathogen

7. Types of Pathogens • Bacteria: prokaryotes • Pneumonia, gonorrhea • Viruses: need the host to exist • Can be dormant • HIV, West Nile virus, Epstein Barr • Fungi: yeast, molds • Usually cause disease in people with weak IS (opportunistic) • Athlete’s foot • Protozoa: single-celled organisms that can move • Get it from contaminated food or insect bites • Malaria, gastroenteritis • Rickettsia: parasites that live in cells • Lyme disease, typhus

8. Immunity • Immunity: ability to resist disease • Immunoglobin: protein that acts as an antibody to fight disease

9. What the IS does • Antigen: something that is foreign • Components of IS work together to fight the antigen

10. Immunity

11. Immune Response • Innate/Nonspecific Immune Defense: • Defends against everything • Does not rely on prior exposure to antigen

12. First defense • Skin • Mucous membranes • These prevent things from getting in in the first place

13. Nonspecific Immunity • If antigen gets in, is activated first • Macrophage engulfs cells that aren’t normal • If necessary activates the specific immune response

14. Immune Response • Specific Immune Defense • “smart” immunity • More efficient • Relies on lymphocytes: B cells and T cells

15. Specific Immune Response • Circulating T cell sees activated macrophage • Learns what pathogen is and produces more T cells • T cells: • Helper T cells activate B cells and Killer T cells • Killer T: kill “nonbelonging” cell directly

16. Specific Immune Defense • B-cells become plasma cells and make specific antibodies • Antibodies hold the cell for destruction by macrophages (see step 1) • Memory cells are made so next time the body responds more quickly video

17. Immunization • Certain immunizations are required/recommended: • Hepatitis B vaccine • Poliovirus • Tetanus • Influenza (flu shot) • HPV

18. OPENER • What are some examples of specific and nonspecific immune defenses? • What is a pathogen? What are some pathogens you know of?

19. Lymphatic System • Helps with immunity • Like the circulatory system but no pump like the heart • Lymph movement assisted by muscle contractions and valves • Why might exercise assist fighting infection?

20. Lymphatic System • Four components: • Lymph • Lymph nodes • Lymph vessels • Spleen

21. Lymph • What diffuses from the capillaries to tissue spaces • Carries nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to the cells • Removes waste products from cells

22. Lymph Vessels • Parallel the veins • Carries lymph in one direction: from the organs to the heart • Therefore it does not flow continually

23. Lymph nodes • Tiny, oval-shaped structures distributed along the lymph vessels • Lymph nodes are concentrated under the armpits, at the neck, and in in the inguinal region • What does this imply about possible outcomes of late-detection breast cancer?

24. Lymph Nodes • Functions: • A place for lymphocytes to be made • A filter for harmful substances • Adenitis: lymph node becomes swollen because of a large concentration of an invader

25. Spleen • Mass of lymphatic tissue that makes lymphocytes and monocytes • Stores RBCs and forces them into circulation when needed (such as during excessive bleeding or vigorous exercise)

26. Hypersensitivity • Immune system attacks allergens, which should be safe • Peanuts, pollen, pet dander • Anaphylaxis: severe allergic response that may cause death

27. Autoimmune Disorders • Autoimmunity: your body fights itself • Causes include heredity, viruses, or other triggers (such as sunlight) • Examples: lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis

28. OPENER • What are some ways the lymphatic system is like the circulatory system? How are they different?

29. OPENER • What do you know about HIV/AIDS? • What questions do you have?

30. HIV/AIDS Video: invisible children • HIV • Human: people • Immunodeficiency: IS doesn’t work • Virus: viral disorder • AIDS • Acquired: get from someone or something • Immune: deals with IS • Deficiency: doesn’t work right • Syndrome: group of symptoms that collectively indicate a disease

31. HIV/AIDS • HIV • attacks the immune system and destroys the helper T cells (cells body uses to defend itself). • AIDS • A series of diseases and infections that occur as a result of a deficient immune system. It is not actually a disease but the end result of damage done by the HIV virus.

32. HIV/AIDS • Why HIV is not AIDS • People in the early stages of HIV still have functioning immune systems • When it becomes AIDS • HIV causes AIDS by overpowering the body’s IS so it can’t fight infections video

33. Disease Progression ELISA video • S1: infection, body produces antibodies and individual has flu-like symptoms which go away after a couple weeks • S2: clinically latent phase where antibodies can be detected in a test, no symptoms • S3: IS weakens as virus strengthens, patient suffers from opportunistic infections which become more frequent and persistent • S4: Full blown AIDS because of very low T cell count and severe opportunistic infections