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Biological psychology

Biological psychology a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior. “Everything psychological is simultaneously biological.”. Phrenology. Franz Gall. Neurons. Neuron Sensory neurons

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Biological psychology

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  1. Biological psychology a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior. “Everything psychological is simultaneously biological.” Phrenology Franz Gall

  2. Neurons • Neuron • Sensory neurons • carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord • Motor neurons • carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands • Interneurons • neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8orIQL3S1l4

  3. Neural Communication

  4. Neurons

  5. Neurons detects

  6. Neurons

  7. Neurons

  8. Neurons

  9. Neurons

  10. Neurons

  11. Neurons • Firing of a neuron • Transmit message when stimulated by senses or chemical signal from neighboring neuron • Action potential • a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon • involves exchange of ions • Resting potential (polarized) • positive outside/negative inside • Selectively permeable • positive ions can’t mix with negative when neuron’s “gate” is closed neurons generate electricity from chemical events = exchange of ions

  12. Neurons • Firing of a neuron • when neuron fires; first part of axon gate opens • Depolarize • positive ions flood through axon – next channel/section of axon opens (dominoes) • Refractory period • resting/pause…neuron pumps +ions out & can fire again • “hop” from one myelin section to next

  13. Firing of Neurons • signals are mostly excitatory versus inhibitory • Threshold • When enough NT are received, the cell membrane becomes permeable & positive ions rush into cell • All or none response • more neurons can be fired or neurons can fire more often, but the impulse/action potential’s strength & speed are all or none – either fire or not If excitatory signals minus inhibitory signals exceed a minimum intensity (threshold) the combined signals trigger an action potential.

  14. Action Potential

  15. Action Potential

  16. Action Potential

  17. Action Potential

  18. Action Potential

  19. How can you tell the difference between a gentle caress on your face vs a slap?

  20. Neurons A weak stimulus causes neurons to firing less frequently NOT SLOWER • Speed of a neuron impulse • Range from 2 to 200 MPH • Measured in milliseconds • (thousandths of a second) A strong stimulus can increase the number of times a neuron fires, NOT how fast it fires or the intensity of the impulse

  21. How Neurons Communicate • Synapse • Synaptic gap (synaptic cleft) • Neurotransmitters • chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse • Reuptake https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OS2C4NemJI

  22. How Neurons Communicate Reuptake

  23. How Neurotransmitters Influence Us • If the NT is acting on the brainstem, it affects basic functions like breathing & heartbeat • if it acts on midbrain, affects memory & emotion • if it acts on the cortex, higher functions, like memory integration, problem solving & perception

  24. How Neurotransmitters Influence Us Alzheimer’s muscle & memory pleasure, movement, emotion too much = schizophrenia • Acetylcholine (AcH) • Dopamine • Serotonin • Norepinephrine • GABA • Glutamate • Endorphins too little = Parkinson’s SSRI mood (happy), hunger, sleep too little = depression alertness, arousal inhibitory NT excitatory NT too much = overstimulate brain

  25. How Drugs and Other Chemicals Alter NT Agonists • molecule that is similar enough to a NT to bind to its receptor site and MIMIC its effect. • black widow spider venom floods system with Ach = Antagonists • also bind to receptor site but they BLOCK a NT function • Botulin is a bacteria that is an agonist for Ach = violent muscle spasms paralysis curare

  26. Objective 4: What are the functions of the nervous system’s main divisions? electrochemical communication network

  27. The Nervous System

  28. The Nervous System

  29. The Nervous System

  30. The Nervous System can be consciously overridden

  31. The Nervous System

  32. The Nervous System fight or flight rest & digest homeostasis opponent process

  33. digestion slows Be careful filling in your chart…your sympathetic & parasympathetic sides are switched

  34. CNS: A Simple Reflex

  35. A Simple Reflex

  36. Spinal cord links peripheral nervous system to brain Reflex: Single sensory neuron & single motor neuron; communicate through an interneuron

  37. Objective 5:How does the endocrine system transmit its messages? • Endocrine system • Chemical communication system; secretes hormones into the bloodstream (“slow” but can outlast NT) • Hormones • manufactured by endocrine system; in blood • Adrenal glands • Epinephrine & norepinephrine • Fight or flight response (arouse body in times of stress) • Pituitary gland(master gland) • In brain; controlled by hypothalamus • Influence the release of other hormones

  38. Point to remember… brain pituitary other glands hormones brain connection between nervous system & endocrine system

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