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Modern homo sapiens sapiens

Explore the cranial morphology, origins, and migration patterns of modern Homo sapiens sapiens with a focus on Africa, Asia, Europe, and Australia. Discuss key cultural adaptations and advancements in tool use.

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Modern homo sapiens sapiens

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  1. Modern homo sapiens sapiens ANA 215

  2. In the beginning… • 7.0mya Toumaï • 6.0 mya Tugen Hills – Orrorin tugenensis • 3.9 - 3.0 mya Australopithecus afarensis • 3.7 – 3.3 mya Australopithecus africanus • 2.5-2.0 mya Australopithecus robustus • 1.75 mya Australopithecus bosei

  3. Australopithecines

  4. Homo habilis?

  5. Homo erectus (1.8 – 400,000) • 1.6 – 1.8 mya – Homo erectus sites in Europe (Dmansi) and East Africa (Narikotome). • Acheulian tool assemblages - biface

  6. Biface

  7. Early archaics/Neandertals • 400,000 – 100,000 ya • Transitional forms in Africa, Asia and Europe • Brain expansion, reduction in tooth size, more advanced tool culture, evidence of hunting, use of fire and burials in the late archaic

  8. Neandertal speech?

  9. Modern humans • Cranial morphology • Rapid increase in technology and social developments • Where did they originate? • How did they spread out into the rest of the Old World?

  10. Objectives • Cranial morphology of modern h.s.s. • Two theories pertaining to their origins • Cultural adaptations: tool use and art

  11. Cranial morphology • Vertical forehead • Reduced browridge • Pyramidal mastoid process • Canine fossa • Definite chin

  12. Out of Africa hypothesis • Origin in Africa • Klasies River Mouth, Border Cave • Replaced hominids in Asia and Europe • Support from mtDNA – mitochondrial Eve

  13. photo

  14. Multi-regional evolution • Milford Wolpoff, University of Michigan • Evolution of anatomically modern humans occurred simultaneously in different regions • Gene flow, migration and selection = prevented speciation

  15. Partial replacement model • Anatomically modern humans appear in Africa around 100,000 ya • Migrate into Europe and Asia • Interbreed and replace the archaic homo sapiens

  16. South Africa • Klasies River Mouth 120,000 to 80,000 years ago

  17. Near East • Skhūl Cave, Mt Carmel, Israel • 115,000 years ago • 10 individuals • Qafzeh Cave, Israel • 100,000 years ago • 20 individuals

  18. Central Europe • Mladeč, Czech Republic • Vindija, Croatia • 33, 000 years ago • Both Neandertal and modern human features

  19. Southern France • Cro-Magnon site • 30,000 ya • 8 individuals • Old Man (Cro-Magnon 1) • Gracile traits indicative of anatomically modern humans.

  20. Spain • Abrigo do Lagar Velho • 4 year old child skeleton • 24,500 ya • Most compelling evidence for the multi-regional theory

  21. Asia • Zhoukoudian • Upper late Pleistocene: 18,000 – 10,000 ya • Jinniushan • 200,000 ya • Supports the idea of regional continuity instead of complete replacement

  22. Australia • Lake Mungo • 30,000-25,000 ya

  23. Upper Palaeolithic (40,000 y.a.)

  24. Cultural periods • Chatelperronian/Aurignacian – 40,000 ya • Gravettian – 27,000 ya • Solutrean – 21,000 ya • Magdalenian – 17,000 ya

  25. Awl/bone needles (19,000 ya)

  26. Solutrean blade

  27. Burin

  28. Barbed harpoon

  29. Atlatl (Magdalenian) • Spear thrower

  30. Venus figurines

  31. Cave Paintings

  32. Art - Symbolism • Is this symbolic or utilitarian? • Cave paintings • Lascaux cave (Magdalenian) • Altamira (Magdalenian) • Grotte Chauvet (Aurignacian)

  33. Summary • Anatomically modern human: Africa, Near East, Europe, Asia, and Australia • Anatomically modern human: Near East and Europe admixed with archaic features

  34. Summary • Harsh climate: advanced tool technology • Adaptation: culture

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