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Hypothesis tested

Study on using organic shea butter to protect cowpeas against C. maculatus pest in Mali villages. Results, discussion, and implications for sustainability and community health.

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Hypothesis tested

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  1. Hypothesis tested • Since shea butter is locally made by village women from shea nuts owned by village women and wild-collected by them from village shea trees, Vitellariaparadoxa(= Butyrospermumparkii), and since shea butter is traditionally used in cooking cowpeas, shea butter is a good candidate for organic protection of cowpeas against its main storage pest, C. maculatus.

  2. Materials and Methods • Organic cowpeas, Vigna vinculata • C. maculatus from cowpeas harvested in village of Sanambele, Mali • Environmental chamber 55+/-3% R.H.; photoperiod 12:12::light:dark; 28o C

  3. Bioassay Procedures • Organic shea butter from Sanambele (Mali) women’s cooperative • Treatments: control (no shea butter); 0.01g; 0.05g; 0.50g; 1.0g warmed shea butter per 50g cowpeas. • 50 intact cowpeas randomly selected • 10 female C. maculatus per bioassay container • Post-adult emergence age specific 0-24 hrs, 24-48 hrs, 48-72 hrs • 4 replicates • Behavioral observations 1 hr, 15 da, 20 da, 25 da • Embryo development observations

  4. Results

  5. C. maculatus Oviposition

  6. C. maculatus Eggs Hatched

  7. Adult C. maculatus Emergence

  8. Discussion • Why will adoption of shea butter to preserve cowpeas postharvest be easy for village women? • What does this mean for the children of this remote village? • Is this sustainable? • Are there risks to mothers or children? • What is the take-away message?

  9. Conclusion • As long as cowpeas are protected against C. maculatus, native villagers may safely store cowpeas and serve them, from harvest to harvest, to their children to prevent kwashiorkor. • Shea butter is a local, “at-home”, no-cost, safe, protection method for cowpeas in Malian villages, and throughout Sub-Saharan.

  10. Postscript • Lesson #1 – Transdisciplinarity • Lesson #2 – Know the community

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