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Understanding Organic Compounds: Dehydration Synthesis & Hydrolysis

Dive into the chemistry of life by analyzing the role of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in forming and breaking down organic compounds. Learn to identify and understand the functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, as well as the structural levels of proteins. Explore essential biochemical reactions and the central dogma of cellular function.

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Understanding Organic Compounds: Dehydration Synthesis & Hydrolysis

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  1. Try This!

  2. Try This!

  3. Concept 1: Analyzing and the chemistry of life (Ch 2, 3, 4, 5) Macromolecules Ch 5 in Campbell p. 38-42 in Holtzclaw

  4. Macromolecules You must know: • The role of dehydration synthesis in the formation of organic compounds and hydrolysis in the digestion of organic compounds. • How to recognize the four biologically important organic compounds (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) by their structural formulas. • The cellular functions of all four organic compounds. • The four structural levels that proteins and how changes at any level can affect the activity of the protein. • How proteins reach their final shape (conformation), the denaturing impact that heat and pH scale can have on protein structure, and how these changes may affect the organism.

  5. Two important biochemical reactions: • Dehydration Synthesis • Hydrolysis

  6. Dehydration Synthesis

  7. Dehydration Synthesis • Example – building a ‘disaccharide’

  8. Hydrolysis

  9. Hydrolysis • Example – digesting a ‘disaccharide’

  10. Reversible!

  11. Try This! • How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is eightmonomers long?

  12. Try This! • How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is eightmonomers long? Seven H2O

  13. Four Types of Organic Compounds • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic Acids • Proteins

  14. Carbohydrates • Structure (monosaccharides: CnH2nOn) • Cellular Function

  15. Carbohydrates • Structure (disaccharides) • Cellular Function

  16. Carbohydrates • Structure (polysaccharides – cellulose) • Cellular Function (structural support)

  17. Carbohydrates • Structure (polysaccharides – starch, glycogen) • Cellular Function (energy storage)

  18. Lipids • Structure • Cellular Function

  19. Lipids • Structure (neutral fat) • Cellular Function (energy storage)

  20. Lipids • Structure (saturated fatty acids) • Cellular Function

  21. Lipids • Structure (unsaturated fatty acids) • Cellular Function

  22. Lipids • Structure (phospholipids) • Cellular Function (cell membrane)

  23. Lipids • Structure (phospholipids) • Cellular Function (cell membranes)

  24. Lipids • Structure (steroids) • Cellular Function (structure, hormones)

  25. Nucleic Acids • Structure • Cellular Function

  26. Nucleic Acids • Structure • Cellular Function

  27. Nucleic Acids • Structure • Cellular Function

  28. Nucleic Acids • Structure • Cellular Function

  29. Central Dogma!

  30. Central Dogma!

  31. Central Dogma!

  32. Proteins • Structure • Cellular Function

  33. Proteins • Structure • Cellular Function

  34. Proteins • Structure • Cellular Function

  35. Proteins • Structure • Cellular Function

  36. Proteins • Structure (amino acid) • Cellular Function

  37. Proteins • Structure (polypeptides) • Cellular Function

  38. Protein – in depth • Four structural levels • Primary • Secondary • Tertiary • Quaternary

  39. Proteins – in depth

  40. Proteins – in depth

  41. Proteins – in depth

  42. Proteins – in depth

  43. Proteins – in depth • “Layers”

  44. Protein – in depth • Denaturing (change in shape/conformation) • Heat • pH

  45. Try This! (True or Flase?) 1. Primary protein structure is stabilized by peptide bonds between a linear sequence of amino acids. 2. Secondary protein structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between R groups on adjacent amino acids. 3. Both primary and tertiary protein structure may be stabilized by covalent bonds. 4. All proteins display primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of protein structure.

  46. Try This! (True or Flase?) 1. Primary protein structure is stabilized by peptide bonds between a linear sequence of amino acids. 2. Secondary protein structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between R groups on adjacent amino acids. 3. Both primary and tertiary protein structure may be stabilized by covalent bonds. 4. All proteins display primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of protein structure.

  47. Try This! (Matching) Levels of protein structureInteractions 1. Primary a. Interactions between R groups 2. Secondary structure b. Hydrogen bonds between constituents of the polypeptide backbone 3. Tertiary structure c. Aggregations between polypeptides 4. Quaternary structure d. Peptide bonds

  48. Try This! (Matching) Levels of protein structureInteractions 1. Primarya. Interactions between R groups 2. Secondary structureb. Hydrogen bonds between constituents of the polypeptide backbone 3. Tertiary structure c. Aggregations between polypeptides 4. Quaternary structured. Peptide bonds

  49. Practice! • #1-18, #1-2, #1 p. 42-46 • Animations online! • Self Quiz Questions from Campbell (more difficult) • GET SET UP with “Mastering Biology” and complete “Macromolecules” assignment by MONDAY EVENING • CHECKPOINT next class  • Concept 1

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