1 / 46

Object Oriented Programming

This tutorial provides an introduction to object-oriented programming using C#. It covers the basics of C# language concepts and writing applications in C#. The tutorial also introduces the Visual Studio .NET development environment and explains how to write console applications, Windows applications, and libraries in C#.

ccarder
Download Presentation

Object Oriented Programming

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Object Oriented Programming Introduction to C# Dr. Mike Spann m.spann@bham.ac.uk

  2. Contents • Introducing C# • Writing applications in C# • Visual Studio .NET • Basic C# language concepts

  3. Introducing C# • C# (‘C-sharp’) is a language that targets one and only one platform, namely .NET • That doesn’t mean it’s restricted to Windows • There are now .NET implementations on other operating systems including Linux • As long as we get to grips with object oriented programming, C# is a simple language to master

  4. Introducing C# • C# derives it’s power from .NET and the framework class library • The most similar language to C# is Java • There are a number of striking similarities • BUT there is one fundamental difference • Java runs on a virtual machine and is interpreted • C# programs runs in native machine code • This is because of the power of .NET and leads to much more efficient programs

  5. Writing applications in C# • An application in C# can be one of three types • Console application (.exe) • Windows application (.exe) • Library of Types (.dll) • The .dll is not executable • These 3 types exclude the more advanced web-based applications

  6. Writing applications in C# • Before we look at the more detailed structure and syntax of C# programs, we will show a simple example of each type • In each case we will use the command line compiler (csc) to create the binary (assembly) • Later in this lecture we will look at using Visual Studio to create our applications

  7. Writing applications in C# • Example 1 – A console application • This example inputs a number from the console and displays the square root back to the console • Uses a simple iterative algorithm rather than calling a Math library function

  8. Writing applications in C# using System; class Square_Root { static void Main(string[] args) { double a,root; do { Console.Write("Enter a number: "); a=Convert.ToDouble(Console.ReadLine()); if (a<0) Console.WriteLine(“Enter a positive number!"); } while (a<0); root=a/2; double root_old; do { root_old=root; root=(root_old+a/root_old)/2; } while (Math.Abs(root_old-root)>1.0E-6); Console.WriteLine("The square root of " + a + " is " + root); } }

  9. Writing applications in C#

  10. Writing applications in C# • We can see that everything in a C# application is in a class • In this case the class defines a program entry point Main • This makes the application binary an executable • Note the use of the System namespace • Classes referred to, such as Console and Math, are actually System.Consoleand System.Math

  11. Writing applications in C# • Example 2 – A windows application • A simple GUI displaying a menu • This example displays a window with couple of menu buttons • Clicking on a menu button displays a pop-up dialog box • The code listing demonstrates the simplicity of GUI programming in C#

  12. Writing applications in C# using System; using System.Drawing; using System.Windows.Forms; class App{ public static void Main(){ Application.Run(new MenuForm()); } } class MenuForm:Form{ public MenuForm(){ this.ContextMenu = new ContextMenu(SetupMenu()); this.Menu = new MainMenu(SetupMenu()); } MenuItem[] SetupMenu(){ MenuItem file = new MenuItem("&File"); file.MenuItems.Add("Exit", new EventHandler(OnExit)); MenuItem messages = new MenuItem("&Message Boxes"); EventHandler handler = new EventHandler(OnMessageBox); messages.MenuItems.Add("Message Box 1", handler); messages.MenuItems.Add("Message Box 2", handler); return new MenuItem[]{file, messages}; } void OnExit(Object sender, EventArgsargs){ this.Close(); } void OnMessageBox(Object sender, EventArgsargs){ MenuItem item = sender as MenuItem; MessageBox.Show(this, "You selected menu item - "+item.Text); } }

  13. Writing applications in C#

  14. Writing applications in C#

  15. Writing applications in C# • This program is considerably more complex than the previous example • It uses the System.Drawing and System.Windows.Formsnamespaces • The (System.Windows.Forms).Form class is a standard outer graphics container for most windows/GUI applications • It also uses event handling to respond to user interaction (menu button clicks)

  16. Writing applications in C# • Example 3 – A library • We can take some of the code from example 1 for computing the square root and make it a library • It will not have a Main method • We indicate that we are compiling to a .dll using the /Target:libraryoption

  17. Writing applications in C# using System; public class Square_Root_Class { public static double calcRoot(double number) { double root; root=number/2; double root_old; do { root_old=root; root=(root_old+number/root_old)/2; } while (Math.Abs(root_old-root)>1.0E-6); return root; } }

  18. Writing applications in C#

  19. Writing applications in C# • We can now write a simple program containing a Main method which uses this library class • The only thing we need to do is to reference the library .dllusing the /r switch when we compile the application

  20. Writing applications in C# using System; class Square_Root { static void Main(string[] args) { double a,root; do { Console.Write("Enter a number: "); a=Convert.ToDouble(Console.ReadLine()); if (a<0) Console.WriteLine("Please enter a positive number!"); } while (a<0); root=Square_Root_Class.calcRoot(a); Console.WriteLine("The square root of " + a + " is " + root); } }

  21. Writing applications in C#

  22. Visual Studio .NET • VS.NET is an Integrated Development Environment or IDE • It includes a source code editors (usually pretty fancy ones containing language help features) • Software project management tools • Online-help and • Debugging • GUI design tools • And lots more......

  23. Visual Studio .NET • Creating a new project gives the user the option of the language and project type • Visual Basic, C++, C#, J# • Console, Windows, Class Library, Active Web Page or Web Service

  24. Visual Studio .NET

  25. Visual Studio .NET • We can group our projects under a common solution • Each application has just one solution but may comprise many projects • A single solution can comprise projects written in different languages • Each project contains a number of files including source files, executables and xml files containing information about the project and resources

  26. Visual Studio .NET • We can add each of our previous 3 example applications (projects) to a single solution Learning C Sharp • Its a simple matter to flip between them and view the code from each project by selecting the appropriate tab • Each project must be built (compiled) before executing and any of the projects in a solution can be selected to be executed

  27. Visual Studio .NET

  28. Visual Studio .NET • It is a simple matter to reference a .dll from a project • We can check all the references that a project makes by expanding the References menu item in the solution explorer • Notice for the windows project, lots of FCL classes are referenced

  29. Visual Studio .NET

  30. Visual Studio .NET • An important feature of VS is its ability to enable visual programming • Essentially we can create fairly sophisticated GUI’s without writing a line of code • We simply add GUI components to an outer window (a Form) and set up the properties of the components to get the required look and feel • VS allows us to easily switch between code and design views • We will look more into visual programming in a future lecture

  31. Basic C# language concepts C# has a rich C-based syntax much like C++ or Java The concepts of variables, program statements, control flow, operators, exceptions etc are the same in C# as in C++ and Java Like Java, everything in C# is inside a class{} We will only look at those C# language issues which differ from those we are already familiar with

  32. Basic C# language concepts • Primitive types • These are types representing the basic types we are familiar with – integers, floats, characters etc • In C# they are part of the FCL so they are treated as Objects (unlike in Java!) but are used in the same way as normal primitive types • So, for example, we can apply the normal arithmetic operators to them

  33. Basic C# language concepts

  34. Basic C# language concepts • Reference Types and Value Types • When we declare a variable in a C# program it is either a reference or a value type • All non-primitive types are reference types • Essentially the variable name is a reference to the memory occupied by the variable • But primitive types can be either • Even though all primitive types are treated as objects (unlike in Java)!!

  35. Basic C# language concepts Int32 x=10; String s=“Hello”; • For example String and Int32 are both primitive types • BUT • String is a reference type • Int32 is a value type • String variable s is a reference (memory address) of some memory which stores the string (which defaults to null) • Int32 variable x is the actual value of the integer (which defaults to zero)

  36. Basic C# language concepts // A one dimensional array of 10 Bytes Byte[] bytes = new Byte[10]; // A two dimensional array of 4 Int32s Int32[,] ints = new Int32[5,5]; // A one dimensional array of references to Strings String[] strings = new String[10]; • Arrays • Array declaration and initialization is similar to other languages

  37. Basic C# language concepts • The array itself is an object • The array is automatically derived from the Array class in the FCL • This enables a number of useful methods of the Array class to be used • Finding the length of an array • Finding the number of dimensions of an array • Arrays themselves are reference types although their elements can be value types, or reference types

  38. Basic C# language concepts • Control flow statements in C# are the same as for C++ and Java • if {} else{} • for {} • do{} while() • etc • However, there is one additional new one in C#! • foreach

  39. Basic C# language concepts foreach (type identifier inarrayName) • foreachsimplifies the code for iterating through an array • There is no loop counter • If the loop counter variable is required in the loop, then a for construct must be used • The type must match the type of elements in the array • The array cannot be updated inside the loop

  40. Basic C# language concepts using System; public class ForEachTest { static void Main(string[] args) { int[] array ={ 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}; int total = 0; foreach (int n in array) total += n; Console.WriteLine("Array total= " + total); } }

  41. Basic C# language concepts Int32 x = 10;while(x--) DoSomething(); • Expressions and operators • C# is a strongly typed language • Variables are declared before use • Implicit type conversions that don’t lose precision will be carried out • Unlike C++ (but like Java) C# has a Boolean type • Thus the following code generates a compilation error

  42. Basic C# language concepts C# has the standard set of operators we are familiar with Also it has operators such as is and typeof for testing variable type information C# provides operator overload functions (as does C++ but not Java) to enable standard operators to be applied to non-primitive types

  43. Basic C# language concepts

  44. Basic C# language concepts • Error handling • This is always done in C# using structured exception handling • Use of the try{} catch{} mechanism as in Java and C++ • Functions should not return error conditions but should throw exceptions • This is done universally by methods in FCL classes

  45. Basic C# language concepts public static void ExceptionExample() { // try-catch try { Int32 index = 10; while(index-- != 0) Console.WriteLine(100/index); } catch(DivideByZeroException) { Console.WriteLine("A divide by zero exception!"); } Console.WriteLine("Exception caught; code keeps running"); // try-finally try { return; } finally { Console.WriteLine("Code in finally blocks always runs"); } }

  46. Summary • We have looked at different types of simple C# applications • Console applications • Windows applications • Libraries (reusable types) • We have looked at the basics of using Visual Studio.NET • We have looked at some C# language issues from the point of view of differences from C++ and Java

More Related