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Scrolls from the Judean Desert

Scrolls from the Judean Desert. June 29–December 31 San Diego Natural History Museum. Introduction. DSS provide vital information: Judaism (300 B.C. – A.D. 135) Text of the Old Testament Discovered 1947-48 Publication of finds took over 50 years.

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Scrolls from the Judean Desert

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  1. Scrollsfrom the Judean Desert June 29–December 31 San Diego Natural History Museum

  2. Introduction • DSS provide vital information: • Judaism (300 B.C.–A.D. 135) • Text of the Old Testament • Discovered 1947-48 • Publication of finds took over 50 years. Muhammad ed Dhib (“The Wolf”)

  3. Scrolls & Fragments • 3 Languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek

  4. Scrolls & Fragments • 3 Languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek • 9 Sites: Qumran, Masada, Nahial Hiever, Wadi Murabba‘at

  5. Ancient scrolls in jars near Jericho (3rd and 8th centuries A.D.) Essene community; 11 nearby caves Jewish suicide pact in the face of the Roman army

  6. Sites of Manuscript Discoveries around the Dead Sea 214+

  7. Copper (Treasure) Scroll Qumran Caves Psalms Scroll and Temple Scroll Isaiah Scrolls, Habakkuk Commentary, “Rules” Scroll, War Scroll, Thanksgiving Hymns Amos, Damascus Document Song of Songs Greek Texts Only 140 Biblical Scrolls

  8. Scrolls & Fragments • 3 Languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek • 9 Sites: Qumran, Masada, Nahial Hiever, Wadi Murabba‘at • 900 different texts

  9. Scrolls & Fragments • 3 Languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek • 9 Sites: Qumran, Masada, Nahial Hiever, Wadi Murabba‘at • 900 different texts • Thousands of fragments 1Q22 (1QDM) The Words of Moses

  10. Qumran Scrolls • Psalms 36 • Deuteronomy 30 • Isaiah 21 • Genesis 19 • Esther absent • Nehemiah?

  11. QumranPentateuch Scrolls • Genesis 19 • Exodus 17 • Leviticus 13 • Numbers 7 • Deuteronomy 30

  12. Hebrew Scripts • Paleo-Hebrew Script = Phoenician • Jewish Script = Square Script = Aramaic h w h y h w h y

  13. 1QpHab rvp “The interpretation of the passage is that God will not destroy his people by the hand of the nations, but into the hand of his chosen ones God will give the judgment of all the nations. …” Verse by Verse Commentary Habakkuk Commentary from Qumran Cave 1 Habakkuk 1-2

  14. Great Isaiah Scroll • Longest of the DSS scrolls • Full text of Isaiah col. liv col. liii 1QIsa

  15. Qumran manuscripts spell daom. as: dam, hdam, dwam, hdawm, and hdwm 1QIsa col. xliv ^yl,[' = hkyl[ `dao)m. Hb;Þg"w> aF'²nIw> ~Wrôy" yDI_b.[; lyKiÞf.y: hNEïhi 1st Isaiah scroll found in Qumran Cave 1 Isaiah 52:13-54:4 St. Mark’s Monastery Isaiah Scroll

  16. hb'v.n"å hw"ßhy> x:Wrï yKi² #yciê lbe(n"å ‘rycix' vbeÛy" #yci_ lbe(n"å ryciÞx' vbeîy" `~['(h' ryciÞx' !kEïa' AB+ s `~l'(A[l. ~Wqïy" WnyheÞl{a/-rb;d>W 1QIsa (Isaiah 40:6-20)

  17. Types of Differences Between 1QIsb and Codex Leningrad B19A Orthography 107 Addition of conjunctive waw 16 Lack of conjunctive waw 13 Article (addition/omission) 4 Differences in consonants 10 Missing letters 5 Differences in number 14 Differences in pronouns 6 Different grammatical forms 24 Different prepositions 9 Different words 11 Omission of words 5 Addition of words 6 Different sequence 4

  18. Examples of Differences • Isaiah 6:3 • MT: “holy, holy, holy”; Q: “holy, holy” • Isaiah 12:4 • MT: “you (pl.) will say”; Q: “you (sing.) …” • Isaiah 37:25 • MT: “waters”; Q: “strange waters” (2 Kgs 19:24) • Isaiah 53:11 • MT: “he shall see”; Q: “he shall see light”

  19. 4QpaleoLev larfy 7:34 wynb 7:35 rva 7:36 wy ynb Paleo-Hebrew Manuscript of Leviticus from Qumran Cave 4

  20. 11QPsa 1st Psalms scroll found in Qumran Cave 11 xvii xvi xv xviii 136:26; 118:1, 15-16, 8-9, 29; 145:1-7 Psalms 93-150 + 8 Noncanonical Psalms 135:17-21; 136:1-16 154:3-19 145:13-21+ No Poetic Format Different Order

  21. Textual Status of the 210+ Biblical Texts from Qumran Written in Qumran Practice 20% May have used proto-Masoretic texts. Proto-Masoretic Texts [60%] 35% Pre-Samaritan Texts 5% Septuagintal Affinity Texts 5% Non-aligned Texts [15%] 35% Sometimes agree significantly with Masoretic Text.

  22. Qumran’s 210+ Biblical Texts Qumran Practice Non- Aligned MT 35% Samaritan Pentateuch LXX 5%

  23. HILLS of MOAB QUMRAN DEAD SEA CAVE 4 WADI QUMRAN

  24. Khirbet Qumran

  25. Archaeological Debate Scriptorium? Inkwells

  26. DSS & New Testament • All fragments in Cave 7 are Greek. • Some: Book of Enoch. 7Q5 “Mark” Fragment?

  27. Zechariah scroll fragment found in Nahal Hiever Cave 8HievXIIgr Zechariah scroll fragment found in Nahal Hever cave as Hamath also [which borders on i]t, Tyre and Si[don, though th]ey are very wise Zech 9:2

  28. MASADA Herod’s Palace on the North End of Masada

  29. ORIGINAL HEBREW TEXT OT Textual Evidence Before 400 B.C. SAMARITAN PENTATEUCH 400-100 B.C. Before 1947, 1250-Year Gap between Hebrew Texts DEAD SEA SCROLLS 300 B.C.-A.D. 50 250-150 B.C. SEPTUAGINT SYRIAC PESHITTA A.D. 125-400 HEXAPLA A.D. 230 LATIN VULGATE A.D. 390-404 OLDEST HEBREW MANUSCRIPT A.D. 850

  30. Publications

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