1 / 35

Complexities of Gene-Trait Relationship: Mapping, Probability, and Evolution of Humans

Explore the intricate relationship between genes and traits, including complex allele relationships, multiple gene control, and environmental effects. Discover the role of probability in inheritance and how evolution shapes the genetic component of species. Dive into the origins of Homo sapiens through DNA analysis.

ccontreras
Download Presentation

Complexities of Gene-Trait Relationship: Mapping, Probability, and Evolution of Humans

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Exam #3 Th 12/6 in class • Homework #4 is due 12/4/07 (only if needed) • Bonus #2 posted • Year End Topics: • mtDNA • Mapping • Probability • Evolution and the Origin of Humans

  2. Genotype Phenotype Genes code for proteins (or RNA). These gene products give rise to traits… It is rarely this simple. Figs 1.15-17

  3. The relationship between genes and traits is often complex Complexities include: • Complex relationships between alleles • Multiple genes controlling one trait • One gene controlling multiple traits • Environmental effects

  4. The colors of peppers are determined by the interaction of several genes

  5. Complexity of inheritance leads to genetic diversity. Fig 3.14+.16

  6. Eye color: One trait controlled by multiple genes

  7. Seven alleles and their interactions in leaf patterning of clover Fig 6.7

  8. The relationship between genes and traits is often complex Complexities include: • Complex relationships between alleles • Multiple genes controlling one trait • One gene controlling multiple traits • Environmental effects

  9. 1 gene controlling many traits

  10. S=sickle-cell H=normal Sickle-Cell Anemia Mom = HS Dad = HS Dad H or S possible offspring 75% Normal 25% Sickle-cell HS HH H or S Mom HS SS

  11. Coincidence of malaria and sickle-cell anemia

  12. S=sickle-cell H=normal Sickle-Cell Anemia Mom = HS Dad = HS possible offspring Oxygen transport: 75% Normal 25% Sickle-cell Malaria resistance: 75% resistant 25% susceptible Dad H or S HS HH H or S Mom HS SS

  13. The relationship between genes and traits is often complex Complexities include: • Complex relationships between alleles • Multiple genes controlling one trait • One gene controlling multiple traits • Environmental effects

  14. What is different about these plants?

  15. Environmental Variation grown in acidic soil grown in basic soil

  16. Inheritance can be predicted by probability

  17. Probability of a 4= 1/6 Probability of two 4’s in a row=1/6x1/6=1/36 Fig 3.07

  18. Probability of 3 or 4 = 1/6+1/6= 1/3 Fig 3.07

  19. “and” multiply “or” add Fig 3.07

  20. Sickled and normal red blood cells Fig 6.5

  21. Huntington’s Disease Neurological disease, symptoms begin around 40 years old. D=disease d=normal

  22. D=disease d=normal Huntington’s Disease Mom = dd Dad = Dd Dad D or d possible offspring 50% Huntington’s 50% Normal Dd d or d dd Mom Dd dd

  23. Two different people: One with Huntington’s disease = Dd Hh One without Huntington’s disease = dd Hh mate. What is the probability that their offspring will have Huntington’s disease and sickle cell anemia?(Dd hh)

  24. Two people: One with Huntington’s disease = Dd Hh One without Huntington’s disease = dd Hh mate. What is the probability that their offspring will have Huntington’s disease and sickle cell anemia? Dd hh Probability of each outcome: Probability of Dd (Ddxdd) = .5 Probability of hh (HhxHh) = .25

  25. Two people: One with Huntington’s disease = Dd Hh One without Huntington’s disease = dd Hh mate. What is the probability that their offspring will have Huntington’s disease and sickle cell anemia? Dd hh Probability of each outcome: Probability of Dd (Ddxdd) = .5 Probability of hh (HhxHh) = .25 Multiply both probabilities .25 X.5 = 12.5% chance Dd hh offspring

  26. How do individuals and groups with different genes arise? Evolution… Does it occur? If so, how doesit occur?

  27. Does evolution occur?

  28. As DNA changes; traits change. Protein

  29. Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce.

  30. Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce. These changes are based on how the DNA changes and who reproduces.

  31. Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted O O O Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O

  32. Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted O O O Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O Apply antibiotic X X X O O O X X X O O O O X X X X O O O O Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant.

  33. Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted O O O Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O Apply antibiotic Continues to replicate O X X X O O O X X X O O O O X X X X O O O O Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant.

  34. Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted O O O Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O Apply antibiotic Continues to replicate O X X X O O O X X X O O O O O O O O O O O X X X X O O O O Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant. O O O O Population of resistant bacteria

  35. Next we will look at what DNA can tell us about the origins of Homo sapiens.

More Related