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The ‘Little Bang in the Laboratory’ – Accelorator Physics.

The ‘Little Bang in the Laboratory’ – Accelorator Physics. Christina Markert. Big Bang Quarks and Strong Interaction Heavy Ion Collisions ‘Little Bang’ Our Heavy Ion Group at UT Austin Conclusions. Our basic Questions are:. What is matter made of ?

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The ‘Little Bang in the Laboratory’ – Accelorator Physics.

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  1. The ‘Little Bang in the Laboratory’ – Accelorator Physics. Christina Markert • Big Bang • Quarks and Strong Interaction • Heavy Ion Collisions ‘Little Bang’ • Our Heavy Ion Group at UT Austin • Conclusions Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  2. Our basic Questions are: What is matter made of ? How does matter organize itself & stay together? How does matter behave? Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  3. Space Time Diagram of the Early Universe crystal molecule atom nuclei proton Expansion: Temperature decrease Density decreases Volume expands It takes time More structure quarks Universe is 13*109 Years old The Cosmic Timeline Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  4. What do we know about the smallest building blocks? Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  5. Quarks in a Neutron or Proton = Mass Theory: Quantum Chromo Dynamics Quarks are the smallest building blocks of massive matter Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  6. quark-antiquark pair created from vacuum Analogies and differences between QED and QCD to study structure of an atom… electron …separate constituents nucleus QED Quantum Electro Dynamics neutral atom Confinement: fundamental & crucial (but not understood!) feature of strong force - colored objects (quarks) have  energy in normal vacuum quarks u,d, (s,c,t,b) quark Strong color field Force grows with separation !!! “white” 0 (meson) (confined quarks) “white” proton (baryon) (confined quarks) “white” proton QCD Quantum Chromo Dymanics Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  7. Generating a deconfined state • Present understanding of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) • heating • compression •  deconfined matter ! Hadronic Matter (confined) Nuclear Matter (confined) Quark Gluon Plasma deconfined ! Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  8. Going back in time… Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  9. Phase Transitions ICE WATER Add heat Quark Gluon Plasma is another phase of matter! Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  10. Phase Diagram Pressure We heat up the system Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  11. q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q Create Quark Gluon Plasma Hadrons Quark Gluon Plasma Compress andAdd heat T = 1,000,000,000,000 K Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  12. LHC RHIC Temperature q q q q q q q q q q q ~150 MeV q q SPS Center of mass energies: for different accelerators AGS: √s ~ 5 GeV SPS : √s ~ 17 GeV RHIC: √s ~ 200 GeV LHC: √s ~ 5500 GeV AGS q q q q q q q q q Phase Diagram of Nuclear Matter hadrons quarks and gluons hadrons Pressure Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  13. Phase transition of nuclear matter predicted Gross, Politzer, Wilczek win 2004 Nobel Prize in physics for the theory of asymptotic freedom in strong interaction. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) was built to measure the phase transition of nuclear matter to an ‘asymptotically free’ partonic state (deconfined) under the condition of maximum particle and energy density. (after Big Bang ?) Wilczek Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  14. What can we do in the laboratory ? a.) Re-create the conditions as close as possible to the Big Bang, i.e. a condition of maximum density and minimum volume in an expanding macroscopic system. b.) Measure a phase transition, characterize the new phase, measure the de-excitation of the new phase into ‘ordinary’ matter – ‘do we come out the way we went in ?’ c.) Learn about hadronization  how matter is formed (mechanism how quarks from hadrons protons, neutrons, etc…) Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  15. How do we do heavy ion collisions in laboratory ? • We take an atom (Au) • We take away the electrons  ion • We accelerate the ion • We collide the ions and hopefully create the predicted quark gluon plasma in our • ‘little bang’ (Au+Au) Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  16. PHOBOS BRAHMS RHIC Au+Au @ sNN=200 GeV PHENIX STAR AGS TANDEMS Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) 1 mile v = 0.99995c Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  17. STAR experiment at RHIC collider Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  18. Study all phases of a heavy ion collision If the Quark Gluon Plasma was formed, it will only live for 10-23 s !!!! Nuclei are so thin because of velocity = nearly speed of light Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  19. Space Time Diagram of the Early Universe crystal molecule atom nuclei proton Expansion: Temperature decrease Density decreases Volume expands More structure quarks Takes time atoms 6*105years The Cosmic Timeline Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  20. Heat and Compress Nuclear Matter • We produce new quark-antiquark pairs: • Producing new matter out of Energy • Producing new quarks s,c,t,b which don’t exist in ground state nuclear matter (neutrons+protons) System expands new particles are produced: Protons (uud) , anti-protons (antimatter) Lambdas (uds) Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  21. STAR Experiment at the RHIC Collider Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  22. Particle Tracks in the Detector Head-on Au+Au collision ~1500 charged hadrons (protons,…) and leptons (electrons,..) Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  23. What can we measure ? a.) Which particles are produced ? b.) How many are produced ? c.) How are they arranged (angle) d.) What does the theory tell us? Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  24. p K- p Energy loss dE/dx K  (1520) e momentum [GeV/c] Resonance Reconstruction in STAR TPC Energy loss in TPC dE/dx End view STAR TPC  p - • Identify decay candidates • (p, dedx, E) • Calculate invariant mass Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  25. Time of Flight Detector Our Group at UT Austin Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  26. Conclusion • Data show evidence that we created a Quark Gluon Plasma • We have a phase transition proton -> quarks • Quark-gluon plasma lasts less than 0.00000000000000000000001 seconds • It is very dense and very hot • It behaves like a liquid not like a plasma • New experiment at larger Collider LHC at CERN to investigate properties of the ‘Quark Soup’ Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  27. The world takes notice ! Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

  28. Questions 1.Can we produce anti matter here on earth ? Yes 2.Can we create matter out of energy ? Yes 3.Is the proton the smallest building block of nuclear matter ? No (quark) 4.Can we accelerate particles up to nearly the speed of light ? Yes 5.Can we observe a single quark ? No Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November 11 2006

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