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SENSES (EYE & EAR) & INTERGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)

SENSES (EYE & EAR) & INTERGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN). The Senses. General Senses. Distributed throughout body Pain Touch Pressure Temperature Proprioception. Special Senses. Located within complex sense organs Gustation = sense of taste Olfaction = sense of smell Hearing Equilibrium

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SENSES (EYE & EAR) & INTERGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)

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  1. SENSES (EYE & EAR) & INTERGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)

  2. The Senses

  3. General Senses • Distributed throughout body • Pain • Touch • Pressure • Temperature • Proprioception

  4. Special Senses • Located within complex sense organs • Gustation = sense of taste • Olfaction = sense of smell • Hearing • Equilibrium • Vision

  5. The Ear • Used for both hearing and equilibrium • Divided into three parts • Outer ear • Pinna (auricle) • External auditory canal (meatus) • Contains cerumen (earwax) • Tympanic membrane (eardrum) • Transmits sound waves to middle ear

  6. The Ear (con’t) • Middle ear • Houses three ossicles • Malleus (hammer) • Incus (anvil) • Stapes (stirrup) • Soundwaves are transmitted from footplate of stapes • Eustachian tube • Connects middle ear to nasopharynx • Equalizes pressure between outer and middle ear

  7. The Ear (con’t) • Inner ear • Complex labyrinth shape • Filled with fluid • Contains cochlea • Organ of Corti • Vestibular apparatus • Sense of equilibrium • Semicircular canals • Vestibulocochlear nerve • Cochlear branch transmits hearing impulses • Vestibular branch transmits equilibrium impulses

  8. Otitis • Inflammation of the ear • Otitis media = infection leading to accumulation of fluid in middle ear • Causes • Obstruction of eustachian tube caused by • Spreading infection • Treatment • Antibiotics • Myringotomy

  9. Otitis (con’t) • Otitis externa • Inflammation of external auditory canal • Also known as “swimmer’s ear” • Caused by: • Fungus • Bacterium • Common among: • People living in hot climates • Swimmers

  10. Meniere Disease • Involves production and circulation of inner ear fluid • Symptoms • Vertigo (dizziness) • Hearing loss • Tinnitus (ringing in ears) • Pressure • Treatment • Drugs (to treat nausea and dizziness) • Severe cases • Inner ear or eighth cranial nerve destroyed surgically

  11. The Eye and Vision • Eye has three layers • Sclera • Outermost layer • Known as “White of the eye” • Extends over front of eye as transparent cornea

  12. Uvea • Uvea • Middle, vascular layer • Consists of: • Choroid • Ciliary body • Muscle controls shape of lens • Allows for accommodation • Iris • Muscular ring • Controls size of pupil • Determines eye color

  13. Retina • Innermost layer • Actual visual receptor • Consists of specialized cells: • Rods • Function in dim light • Low visual acuity • Do not respond to color • Cones • Active in bright light • High visual acuity • Respond to color

  14. Eye Protection • Orbit = bony socket • Eyelids • Conjunctiva • Thin membrane • Covers anterior portion of eye • Eyebrows • Eyelashes • Tears • Lacrimal glands • Bathe eyes with lubricating fluid • Fluid drains into nose

  15. Errors of Refraction • Myopia = nearsightedness • Eyeball too long • Images form in front of retina • Hyperopia = farsightedness • Eyeball too short • Images form behind retina • Astigmatism = irregularity in curve of cornea or lens • Glasses can correct most of these impairments

  16. Infection • Conjunctivitis = inflammation of conjunctiva • Commonly known as “pinkeye” • Highly infectious • Trachoma = inflammation of cornea and conjunctiva • Results in scarring • Common cause of blindness in 3rd world countries • Ophthalmia neonatorum = acute conjunctivitis in newborns • Caused by gonorrhea

  17. Disorders of Retina • Retinal detachment • Separation of retina from choroid • Caused by: • Tumor • Hemorrhage • Injury to eye • Repaired with laser surgery

  18. Cataract • Opacity of lens caused by: • Disease • Injury • Chemicals • Exposure to UV rays • Must be removed to prevent blindness • Anterior capsule removed • Phacoemulsification

  19. Glaucoma • Increased pressure within eyeball • More aqueous humor produced than can be drained away • Leads to blindness • Many causes • Screening at routine eye exams • Treatment • Medication • Surgery

  20. Integumentary system: THE SKIN, NAILS, & HAIR

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