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Financial Mathematics for Hospitality Decisions

Learn about time value of money, capital budgeting, and more in the context of personal finance for hospitality firms. Explore future values, annuities, and effective annual rates using practical examples and equations.

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Financial Mathematics for Hospitality Decisions

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  1. HFT 4464 Chapter 5 Time Value of Money

  2. Chapter 5Introduction • This chapter introduces the topic of financial mathematics also known as the time value of money. • This is a foundation topic relevant to many finance decisions for a hospitality firm: • Capital budgeting decisions • Cost of capital estimation • Pricing a bond issuance

  3. Organization of Chapter • Financial math will be presented in the context of personal finance. Later chapters will apply financial math to various finance applications for a hospitality firm. • Financial math topics covered include: • Computation of future values, present values, annuity payments, interest rates, etc. • Perpetuities and non-constants cash flows • Effective annual rates and compounding periods other than annual

  4. Basic Topics and Tables Used Future Value of a Lump Sum Table on P. 91 Present Value of a Lump Sum Table on P. 93 Future Value of an Annuity (Multiple Payments) Table on P. 96 Present Value of an Annuity (Multiple Payments) Table on P. 102

  5. Future Value of a Lump Sum • The future value in 2 years of $1,000 earning 5% annually is an example of computing the future value of a lump sum. We can compute this in any one of three ways: • Using a calculator programmed for financial math • Solve the mathematical equation • Using financial math tables (Table 5.1) p. 91

  6. Solve for the Future Value • The general equation for future value is: • FVn = PV x (1+i)n • Computing the future value in the example: • FV2 = $1,000 x (1+5%)2 = $1,102.50 OR FVn = PV x (Factor from P. 91 Table) = 1,000 x 1.1025

  7. Present Value of a Lump Sum • How much do you need to invest today so you can make a single payment of $30,000 in 18 years if the interest rate is 8%? This is an example of the present value of a lump sum. • Again we can solve it using a programmed calculator, solving the math or using Table 5.2. p.93

  8. Solve for the Present Value • The general equation for present value is: • Computing the present value in the example:

  9. Solve for the Present Value (Using Tables) • PV = FVn x (Factor from Table on p. 93) • $30,000 x .250249

  10. Annuities • Two or more periodic payments • All payments are equal in size. • Periods between each payment are equal in length.

  11. PV Versus FV of an Annuity • The value of an annuity can be expressed as an equivalent lump sum value. • The PV of an annuity is the lump sum value of an annuity at a point in time earlier than the payments. • The FV of an annuity is the lump sum value of an annuity at a point in time later than the payments.

  12. Ordinary Annuity Versus Annuity Due • The PV of an ordinaryannuity is located one period before the first annuity payment. (Paid at the end of each period) • The PV of an annuitydue is located on the same date as the first annuity payment. (Paid at the beginning of each period) • The FV of an ordinaryannuity is located on the same date as the last annuity payment. (Last annuity payment is at the end of the last period) • The FV of an annuitydue is located one period after the last annuity payment. ( Last annuity payment is at the beginning of the last period)

  13. Future Value of an Annuity • Suppose you plan to deposit $1,000 annually into an account at the end of each of the next 5 years. If the account pays 12% annually, what is the value of the account at the end of 5 years? This is a future value of an annuity example. • We can solve this problem using a programmed calculator, solving the math, or using Table 5.4. (p. 96)

  14. Solve for the Future Value of an Annuity • The general equation for a FV of an annuity is: • The FV of the annuity in the example is:

  15. Solve for the Future Value (Using Tables) • FVAn = Payment x (Factor for p. 96) • FVAn = $1,000 x 6.35285 • 5 years @ 12 %

  16. Present Value of an Annuity • You plan to withdraw $1,000 annually from an account at the end of each of the next 5 years. If the account pays 12% annually, what must you deposit in the account today? This is an example of a present value of an annuity. • We can solve this problem using a programmed calculator, solving the math, or using Table 5.5. ( p. 102)

  17. Solve for the Present Value of an Annuity • The general equation for PV of an annuity is: • The PV of the annuity in the example is:

  18. Solve for the Present Value (Using Tables) • PVAn = Payment x (Factor from p. 102) • PVAn = $1,000 x 3.6048 • 5 years @ 12 %

  19. Perpetuity—An Infinite Annuity • A perpetuity is essentially an infinite annuity. • An example is an investment which costs you $1,000 today and promises to return to you $100 at the end of each forever! • What is your rate of return or the interest rate?

  20. The Present Value of a Perpetuity • Another investment pays $90 at the end of each year forever. If 10% is the relevant interest rate, what is the value of this investment to you today? We need to solve for the present value of the perpetuity.

  21. PV of a Series of Non-Constant Cash Flows • The PV of a series of non-constant cash flows is just the sum of the individual PV equations for each cash flow. • Where the Cfi’s are a series of non-constant cash flows from year 1 to year n.

  22. PV of a Series of Non-Constant Cash Flows • Suppose some new kitchen equipment for your restaurant is expected to save you $1,000 in 1 year, $750 in 2 years, and $500 in 3 years. What is the PV of these cost savings today if 10% is the relevant interest rate?

  23. PV of a Series of Non-Constant Cash Flows • Or, using the tables: PV = (CF yr 1 x PVLS yr 1 (p.93)) + (CF yr 2 x PVLS yr 2) + (CF yr n x PVLS yr n) Various cash flows @ 10% for 3 years (1,000 x .9091)+ (750 x .8264) + (500 x .7513) = 1,904.58

  24. Compounding Periods Other Than Annual • Future value of a lump sum. • inom = nominal annual interest rate • m = number of compounding periods per year • n = number of years

  25. Compounding Periods Other Than Annual • A $1,000 investment earns 6% annually compounded monthly for 2 years.

  26. Compounding Periods Other Than Annual • PV of a lump sum uses a similar adjustment to the basic equation for non-annual compounding. • inom = nominal annual interest rate • m = number of compounding periods per year • n = number of years

  27. Compounding Periods Other Than Annual • Annuity computations require the annuity period and the compounding period to be the same. • For example, suppose a car loan for $12,000 required 20 equal monthly payments and uses a 12% annual rate compounded monthly. • The annuity payments and the compounding periods are both monthly. • The interest rate needs to be expressed as a monthly rate: • I = 12% / 12 = 1%

  28. Compounding Periods Other Than Annual • The car loan payment can be computed with the following equation: • And the car loan payment = $664.98.

  29. Compounding Periods Other Than Annual • Using the tables: $12,000 = PMT x PVA (1% @ 20 months) PMT = 12,000 / 18.0456 = 664.98

  30. Effective Annual Rate • An effective annual rate is an annual compounding rate. When compounding periods are not annual, the rate can still be expressed as an effective annual rate using the following: • inom = nominal annual rate • m = number of compounding periods in 1 year

  31. Effective Annual Rate • A bank offers a certificate of deposit rate of 6% annually compounded monthly. What is the equivalent effective annual rate?

  32. Amortized Loans • Amortized loans are paid off in equal payments over a set period of time and can be viewed as the PV of an ordinary annuity. • An amortization schedule follows for a $120,000 mortgage to be paid of with 360 monthly payments of $965.55 each over 30 years. The interest rate is 9% annually compounded monthly or 0.75% per month.

  33. Loan Amortization Schedule

  34. Loan Amortization Schedule • A loan amortization schedule shows: • The amount of each payment apportioned to pay interest. The amount paid towards interest declines since the principal balance is declining. • The amount of each payment apportioned to pay principal balance. The amount paid towards principal balance increases as the interest amount declines. • The remaining balance after each payment.

  35. Summary • FV (p. 91)& PV of a lump sum (p. 93) • FV (p 96) & PV (p 102) of an annuity and PV of a perpetuity • PV of a series of non-constant cash flows • Compounding other than annual and effective annual rates • Loan amortization schedule

  36. Homework Problems 1,2,3,4,13

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