Challenges and Allies: Revolutionary War Begins

1. Splash Screen

2. Chapter Introduction Section 1:The Early Years Section 2:The War Continues Section 3:The War Moves West and South Section 4:The War is Won Visual Summary Chapter Menu

3. The Early Years Essential QuestionWhat challenges did the American revolutionaries face at the start of the war? Chapter Intro

4. The War Continues Essential QuestionHow did the United States gain allies and aid during the Revolutionary War? Chapter Intro

5. The War Moves West and South Essential QuestionHow did fighting in the West and South affect the course of the Revolutionary War? Chapter Intro

6. The War is Won Essential QuestionHow did the battle of Yorktown lead to American independence? Chapter Intro

7. Chapter Time Line

8. Chapter Time Line

9. Chapter Preview-End

10. What challenges did the American revolutionaries face at the start of the war? Section 1-Essential Question

11. Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • mercenary • recruit Academic Vocabulary • transfer • previous Section 1-Key Terms

12. Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • Hessian • Molly Pitcher • General William Howe • Nathan Hale • Lemuel Hayes • Peter Salem • Benedict Arnold • General Horatio Gates Section 1-Key Terms

13. A B C D Which quality of an army do you think is most important for success? A.Size of the army B.Strong leadership C.Advanced technology D.Enthusiasm for their cause Section 1-Polling Question

14. The Opposing Sides The British and American forces each had advantages and disadvantages during the war for American independence. Section 1

15. The Opposing Sides (cont.) • British advantages in the war included: • The strongest navy in the world • An experienced and well-trained army • Great wealth • A much larger population The Revolutionary War, 1776–1777 Section 1

16. The Opposing Sides (cont.) • American disadvantages in the war included: • The absence of a regular army and strong navy • A short supply of weapons and ammunition • Some colonists, such as the Loyalists, did not support the war for independence. The Revolutionary War, 1776–1777 Section 1

17. The Opposing Sides (cont.) • American advantages in the war included: • The ability to fight on their own ground • Determination to gain freedom from Britain • The British relied on Hessian mercenariesto fight for them. • George Washington as a leader The Revolutionary War, 1776–1777 Section 1

18. The Opposing Sides (cont.) • Because Colonists were unwilling to transferpower to their own Continental Congress, Congress experienced difficulty enlisting soldiers and raising money to fight the war. • The Congress established the Continental Army but depended on the states to recruitsoldiers. The Revolutionary War, 1776–1777 Section 1

19. The Opposing Sides (cont.) • The best officers in the Continental Army were veterans of previous wars. • Some women, such as Molly Pitcher, fought with the Patriot forces. The Revolutionary War, 1776–1777 Section 1

20. A B C D One of the Patriots’ greatest advantages was which of the following? A.A larger population B.Mercenaries fighting on their side C.A stronger navy D.George Washington as their military leader Section 1

21. Patriot Defeats and Victories After suffering defeat at the Battle of Long Island, the Americans rallied and won victories at Trenton and Princeton. Section 1

22. Patriot Defeats and Victories(cont.) • The British commander, General William Howe, hoped the sheer size of his army would convince the Patriots to give up. • Before being hanged as a spy, Patriot Nathan Hale said, “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.” • As many as 5,000 African Americans—such as Lemuel Hayes and Peter Salem— joined the Patriots. Section 1

23. Patriot Defeats and Victories(cont.) • On Christmas night 1776, Washington and 2,400 troops crossed the Delaware River and surprised the enemy at Trenton the next day. The Battle of Trenton, 1776 Section 1

24. A B C D Historians estimate that how many African Americans joined the Patriots to fight? A.500 B.1,000 C.5,000 D.10,000 Section 1

25. A British Plan for Victory The British plan to separate New England from the Middle Colonies was foiled at the Battle of Saratoga. Section 1

26. A British Plan for Victory(cont.) • The British wanted to gain control of the Hudson River, which would separate New England from the Middle Colonies. • The British captured Philadelphia but were stopped in New York by American forces led by Benedict Arnold. • In the Battle of Saratoga, American troops under the command of General Horatio Gatessurrounded the British troops and their plan to separate the colonies failed. Section 1

27. A B C D At which battle was the British plan to separate the colonies foiled? A.The Battle of Saratoga B.The Battle of Trenton C.The Battle of Philadelphia D.The Battle of Burgoyne Section 1

28. Section 1-End

29. How did the United States gain allies and aid during the Revolutionary War? Section 2-Essential Question

30. Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • desert • inflation Academic Vocabulary • aid • issue Section 2-Key Terms

31. Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • Bernardo de Gálvez • Marquis de Lafayette • Friedrich von Steuben • Juan de Miralles • Judith Sargeant Murray • Abigail Adams Section 2-Key Terms

32. A B When you are involved a debate, do you prefer to have others on your side helping or to argue on your own? A.Others helping B.On your own Section 2-Polling Question

33. Gaining Allies Even with aid from other nations and individuals, the Patriots had difficulty financing their war for independence. Section 2

34. Gaining Allies(cont.) • Realizing that the Americans had a chance of defeating Britain, the French declared war on Britain and sent money, equipment, and troops to aid the American patriots. • Spain also declared war on Britain in 1779 and the Spanish governor of Louisiana, Bernardo de Gálvez, raised an army. Section 2

35. Gaining Allies(cont.) • Many men deserted the Continental Army during a winter of terrible suffering at Valley Forge. However, the Continental Army did survive the winter. • Among the leaders at Valley Forge was a French noble, the Marquis de Lafayette. • Friedrich von Steuben, a former army officer from Prussia, also came to help General Washington. Section 2

36. Gaining Allies(cont.) • Juan de Miralles arrived in Philadelphia in 1778 as a representative of Spain. • To pay for the war, the Congress and the states printed hundreds of millions of dollars’ worth of paper money, which led to inflation. Section 2

37. A B C D What is the main reason that European nations helped the Americans fight for independence? A.They knew America would become a superpower one day. B.The American politicians promised them money in return. C.They admired their cause. D.They disliked the British. Section 2

38. Life on the Home Front The ideals of liberty and freedom that inspired the American Revolution carried through to the issues of women’s interests and slavery. Section 2

39. Life on the Home Front(cont.) • The ideals of liberty and freedom that inspired the American Revolution also caused some women to question their place and treatment in American society. • Judith Sargeant Murray argued that women’s minds are as good as men’s. • Abigail Adams also stood up for women’s interests. Section 2

40. Life on the Home Front(cont.) • The Revolutionary War ideals also inspired some white Americans to question slavery; however, the issue of slavery would remain unsettled for many years. • Loyalists who remained in the United States faced difficult times. Section 2

41. A B C D Which of the following states did NOT attempt to abolish slavery around the time of the American Revolution? A.Vermont B.Virginia C.New Hampshire D.Pennsylvania Section 2

42. Section 2-End

43. How did fighting in the West and South affect the course of the Revolutionary War? Section 3-Essential Question

44. Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • blockade • privateer • guerrilla warfare Academic Vocabulary • impact • sustain Section 3-Key Terms

45. Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • Joseph Brant • George Rogers Clark • John Paul Jones • Battle of Moore’s Creek • General Charles Cornwallis • Francis Marion • Nathanael Greene Section 3-Key Terms

46. A B Which method of fighting do you feel would be more effective—hand-to-hand combat or guerrilla warfare? A.Hand-to-hand combat B.Guerilla warfare Section 3-Polling Question

47. War in the West The British, along with their Native American allies, led attacks against settlers in the West. Section 3

48. War in the West (cont.) • Some Native Americans helped the Patriots, but more—including Mohawk chief Joseph Brant—sided with the British, who seemed less of a threat than the Americans. • George Rogers Clark’s victory at Vincennes strengthened the American position in the West. Native Americans in the Revolution Section 3

49. A B With whom did most Native Americans side during the American Revolution? A.Britain B.America Section 3

50. Glory at Sea The American navy and American privateers had some successes against the powerful British navy. Section 3