The Victorian Era, 1870 - 1914: Victorian Politics

1. The Victorian Era, 1870 - 1914:Victorian Politics AP European History Androstic 2012-2013

2. 1. Why did the Europeans think of themselves as civilized and other peoples non-civilized? Study Guide – Section 70, #1, Palmer pg. 562

3. The “Civilized” World Europe had unparalleled power, prosperity, and peace Tremendous progress Science, economics, and philosophical Life expectancy rose Death rates and infant mortality declined Tremendous differences between Europe and the rest of the world Topics France United Kingdom Germany Divided Socialism Modern Liberalism Study Guide – Section 70, #1, Palmer pg. 562

4. France

5. Fall of the Second Empire At the Battle of Sedan, during the Franco-Prussian War, Napoleon III is captured He then abdicates the throne Paris Commune is then declared

6. 1. What were the major problems was the Third Republic in the years 1871 to 1914? Study Guide – Section 73, #1, Palmer pg. 587-590

7. Paris Commune The Paris Commune [Communards]was elected on March 28 and established itself at the Hôtel de Ville.

8. The Communards

9. Paris City Hall Destroyed

10. Communard Casualties

11. French Third Republic Very unstable and divided Weak president with a strong Senate Divided between monarchists and republicans Problems Little love for the government Lots of scandals Study Guide – Section 73, #1, Palmer pg. 587-590

12. Scandal – Boulanger Affair Popular commander of the army removed by the government on suspicion of monarchist (Bonapartist) tendeancies Revealed splits in the government

13. Scandal – Dreyfuss Affair 1894, Capt. Alfred Dreyfuss, an Alsatian Jew, accused of spying for Germany Little evidence Anti-Semitic evidence Split the country Honor of the Army vs. Truth of the issue Emile Zola – J'Accuse 1899, pardoned by the government, even fought in WWI

14. Ferry Laws Only the State could grant degrees. Free education in public primary schools. Religious instruction was excluded from the State school curriculum. Unauthorized religious orders [Marists, Dominicans, and Jesuits, who were eventually expelled from France] were forbidden to teach. Authorized Catholic orders could NOT teach in French public schools. State improved training of teachers. They created a deep division between Church and State!

15. United Kingdom Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India

16. 2. Describe the British government during this period and their steps toward universal suffrage. Study Guide – Section 73, #2, Palmer pg. 591

17. The Two “Great Men” • Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative Prime Minister • 1868 • 1874-1880 • William Gladstone, Liberal Prime Minister • 1868-1874 • 1880-1885 • 1886 • 1892-1894

18. Reforms Reform Bill of 1867 Expanded suffrage by 88%, but not to farmers Eliminated “rotten boroughs” Reform Bill of 1884 Expanded suffrage to farmers Added 6 million voters Also created public education, reformed the civil service, mandated secret ballots, and legalized labor unions Study Guide – Section 73, #2, Palmer pg. 591

19. Rise of the Labour Party Founded in 1900 Voice of the labor unions in Parliament Will replace the Liberal party after WWI as one of the two major parties. Ideology Government intervention to help the people Progressive taxation and inheritance taxes Minimum wage Unemployment insurance

20. 3. How successfully did Great Britain deal with the Irish problem by 1914? Study Guide – Section 73, #3, Palmer pg. 592-595

21. The Irish Question The Irish were treated horribly by English landlords Potato Famine 1914, Ireland granted Home Rule Had their own parliament, but still subject of the queen Except for Ulster (Northern Ireland) Study Guide – Section 73, #3, Palmer pg. 592-595

22. Germany

23. Organization Government Universal suffrage, but Princes had the most power Dominated by Prussia and Otto von Bismarck, who manipulated the Reichstag to maintain the system

24. Kultrurkampf Bismarck worried about Catholics giving allegiance to Rome, and not the state Recognized only civil marriages Kicked out the Jesuits Government would control education of the preists The Pope and Bismarck eventually made peace Study Guide – Section 73, #4, Palmer pg. 595-597

25. 4. In what direction did Germany seem to be moving under William II in the years before 1914? Study Guide – Section 73, #4, Palmer pg. 595-597

26. Bismarck Removed from Power In 1890, Bismarck is forced to retire by Kaiser Wilhelm II “Dropping the Pilot” The Kaiser took a much more aggressive foreign policy, and tolerated the Socialists Study Guide – Section 73, #4, Palmer pg. 595-597

27. 1. Describe the origins and history of a. The First International, and b. The Second International. Study Guide – Section 74, #1, Palmer pg. 605-606

28. Divided Socialism Trade Unions Prior to 1871, unions were forbidden British workers were more organized - didn’t create a political party Continental workers needed one Revolutionary Socialism First International, 1864 - 1872 Second International, 1889 – 1914 Russian Social Democratic Party Socialist-Revolutionary election poster, 1917. The caption in red reads "партия соц-рев" (in Russian), short for Party of the Socialist Revolutionaries. The banner bears the party's motto "В борьбе обретешь ты право свое" ("In struggle you take your rights"), and the globe bears slogan "земля и воля" ("land and freedom") expressing agrarian socialist ideology of the party Study Guide – Section 74, #1, Palmer pg. 605-606

29. 3. What reasons are suggested for the decline in the revolutionary mood of the working class by 1914? Study Guide – Section 74, #3, Palmer pg. 606-608

30. Revisionist Socialism Revolutionary Socialism weakened Unions and rise in standard living limited its appeal A new form of socialism emerged, Revisionist Socialism Revisionist Socialist Beliefs Groups Fabian Society Syndicalism Georges Sorel Study Guide – Section 74, #3, Palmer pg. 606-608

31. 2. Describe the major demands of feminists in the nineteenth century. What forms did their campaigns take? What successes had they achieved by 1914? Study Guide – Section 74, #2, Palmer pg. 608-609

32. 1. What is meant by new liberalism? How did it differ from classical liberalism? Study Guide – Section 76, #1, Palmer pg. 625-626

33. 2. How did nineteenth- and twentieth-century developments in biology and psychology affect the older view of human beings as rational animals? What were the implications of these views? Study Guide – Section 76, #2, Palmer pg. 626-627

34. 3. Why did late nineteenth century philosophies glorify struggle? How were they strengthened by actual historical events? Study Guide – Section 76, #6, Palmer pg. 626-628

35. End of Classical Liberalism Classical liberalism Liberty of the individual person – Locke et al. Opposed all imposition thought – religious tolerance; laissez-faire Constitutionalism; individual dignity Progress would make everybody better New liberalism Welfare state Government action to help the workers; justify individual dignity Why? Rise of big business – monopolies and trusts Trade unions & socialist parties Government had to intervene The “Liberal” idea of mans' ability to rationally see their way through problems and concerns broken Study Guide – Section 76, #1, Palmer pg. 625-626 Study Guide – Section 76, #2, Palmer pg. 626-627 Study Guide – Section 76, #6, Palmer pg. 626-628

36. Summary Politically throughout Europe, governments had to balance the rise of more voters and the demands they had Socialism split between radicals and Revisionists, with the trade unions dominating Classical liberal ideas are dropped by “liberals” in favor of more progressive ideas, while conservatives take up classical “liberal” ideas