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Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast

Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. A. SIMEONOVA, R. CHUTURKOVA, V. YANEVA Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Technical University – Varna

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Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast

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  1. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast A. SIMEONOVA, R. CHUTURKOVA, V. YANEVA Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Technical University – Varna The present investigation is financially supported by Black Sea Basin Directorate – Varna, a partner of Project “MARine Litter, Eutrophication and Noise assessment tools”, MARLEN - Д34-11/31.03.201, program BG 02 „Integrated marine and inland water management“, co-financed by FM of EEA 2009 - 2014.

  2. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast The present investigation is targeted to marinelitter(ML) pollutionalongtheBulgarian Black Seacoast. ML is one of the 11 descriptors interpreted in the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) (2008/56/EC) which main objective isto achieve or maintain Good Environmental Status of all European seas by 2020. Each year the marine and coastal waters are impacted by numerous ML, found on the beaches and in the open sea as well as on the deep sea - bed

  3. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast ML is not only an aesthetic problem but represents a major threat to marine organisms and human health. ML include wide range of materials - plastic, metal, wood, rubber, glass, paper. Most, especially plastics are extremely durable materials and persist in the marine environment for a hundreds of years.

  4. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast The Bulgarian Black Seaanditscoastsaresubjected to highlevels of ML pollutionfrom different sources: • Land based sources; • Rivers and canal discharges; • Agriculture; • Shipbuilding and ship repair; • Navigation; • Fishery; • Tourismand recreation.

  5. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast ML hotspotsfor the Bulgarian seashore, rankedinorder of theirimportance, are: 1. Coastalcities (includingseasideresortcomplexes); 2. Ports; 3. Navigationroutes; 4. Industrialzonesalongthebeaches of BurgasandVarna towns; 5. Wildbeachesandestuaries of therivers

  6. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast The objective of this study was to collect baseline information on the full spectrum of ML deposited on the country beaches and quantify the problem. ThestudywascarriedoutalongthewholeBulgarian Black SeaCoastat 8 countrybeaches - fromthefarthermostnorthern - southernpart.

  7. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast Thereference beacheswereselectedaccording to thefollowingcriteria: • citybeachesinorder to determinetheinfluence of land - basedsources of pollution; • beachesnearuninhabitedorlesspopulatedareas,subject to intenserecreationalactivities, mainlyduringthesummerperiod; • beachesnearrivers, flowingintothesea.

  8. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast Thefollowingbeachesweresurveyed: FourNorthern Black Seabeaches: • Durankulakbeach; • Krapetsbeach; • New canal “Varnalake - Black Sea – Varna town; • Shkorpilovtsi andFourSouthern Black Seabeaches: • Obzorbeach- near river; • Iraklibeach - near river; • BurgasBlack Seasaltpans; • Alepubeach (Sozopol)

  9. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast TheinvestigationwascarriedoutfollowingEC and OSPAR guidelineforML monitoring. Oneachreferencebeach (1 kminlength) threesamplingunitswerechosen, coveringthewholeareabetweenthewateredge to theback of thebeachwithdimensions - 100 m length /100 m widthifpossible.

  10. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast Thereferencebeachesweresurveyedfor ML during 2015 /2016 within 4 seasons: summer,autum, winter & spring ML were collected by volunteers, categorized according to the type of material, counted and entered on a survey forms provided. On the survey forms, most of the items was given a unique OSPAR identification number.

  11. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast The ML were sorted in 8 categories according to the type : • Artificial polymer materials; • Rubber; • Cloth/Textile; • Paper/Cardboard; • Processed wood; • Metal; • Glass/ceramics • Unidentified Total 167 types of ML.

  12. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast Greatestnumericalpredominancewas registered of category: • ArtificialPolymermaterials - 16690 nos.- 84.3% • Paper/cardboard-7.2% • Metal - 2.6% • Glass/ceramics - 2.5% • Rubber - 0.79%

  13. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea CoastCategory:Artificial Polymer materials - 92types 1. Cigarettebuttsandfilters – 4496 2. Plastic caps/lids of beverages -1413 3. Plastic cups and cup lids- 1194 4. Plastic caps/lids unidentified- 1100 5. Plastic/polystyrene pieces 2.5÷50 cm - 1089 6. Crisps packets - 903 7. Drink bottles > 0.5 l 8. Small plastic bags 9. Drink bottles < = 0.5 l 10. Plastic rings from bottlecaps/lids

  14. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea CoastCategory: Paper/cardboard -10 types of ML 1. Paper fragments- 390 2. Cigarette packets- 376 3. Newspaper and magazines- 240 4. Cups and food trays- 208 5. Other paper items 6. Cardboard boxes and fragments 7. Cartons/Tetrapack (jiuces) 8. Cartons/Tetrapack (milk) 9. Paper bags 10. Tubes for fireworks

  15. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea CoastMetal - 21 types 1. Cans (beverage)-241 2. Bottle caps and lids- 122 3. Other metal pcs. < 50 cm- 35 4. Cables 5. Industrial scrap 6. Paint tins 7. Fishing related weights, hooks 8. Tableware 9. Household batteries 10. Other cans

  16. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea CoastCategory: Glass/ceramic- 10 ML types 1. Bottles incl. pieces- 189 2. Construction material- 106 3. Other glass items- 78 4. Glass and ceramic fragments > 2.5 5. Light bulbs 6. Jars incl. pieces 7. Tableware 8. Flourescent light tubes

  17. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea CoastCategory: Cloth/textile– 9 ML types 1. Other textiles, incl. rags- 161 2. Rope, string and nets- 94 3. Clothing/rags (clothing, hats, towels) 76 4. Shoes and sandals 5. Sails and canvas 6. Carpets and furnishing 7. Backpacks and bags 8. Sacking 9. Tampoons and tampoon applicators

  18. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea CoastRubber- 10 types 1. Other rubber pieces- 38 2. Inner tubes and rubber sheet- 32 3. Condoms, incl. packaging- 26 4. Balloons and balloon sticks 5. Rubber bands 6. Tyres and belts 7. Balls 8. Bobbins (fishing) 9. Rubber boots 10. Wheels

  19. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea CoastProcessedwood - 11 ML types 1. Ice – cream sticks, forks, toothpicks - 33 2. Processed timber- 25 3. Other wood > 50 cm - 22 4. Corks 5. Other wood < 50 cm 6. Pallets 7. Crates 8. Matches and fireworks

  20. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea CoastML greater quantities in summer than in winter and spring.

  21. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast As it follows from the data in table 1, the significant amounts of some types of ML during the summer period, were related to recreational activities: • swimming and sunbathing, along with smoking, • fishing, • food and drink outlets on the beach, cafes, etc. which constitute the major sources of ML contamination. In summer, complying with daily breeze circulation, ML accumulation were recorded farther from the coastline.

  22. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea CoastMLgreater quantities in winter and spring than insummer

  23. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast According to the data presented in table 2, the increased number of some types of ML, accumulated during the last survey - in spring were, probably due to the weather conditions. During the cold season, the dominant intensive winds remove most of the floating items from the sea and washed them ashore. The strong winds also exhumed buried in the sand items or drifted them from adjoining hilly areas near the beach. Some of the ML along the coast was subject to the waves which superficial circulation and highest tides during the cold period scattered the ML items along the coastline.

  24. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast Fig. ML densitiesonthedifferentsurveystations, n/m2 • 1.Durankulak • 2. Krapets • 3. Channel 2 - Varna • 4. Shkolpilovtsi • 5. Obzor • 6. Irakli • 7. Black Sea saltpans -Burgas • 8. Alepu Densities Highest -Channel 2 Varna -0.1343, n/m2 Higher -Irakli- 0.1033, n/m2 Lowest-Obzor- 0.0587, n/m2

  25. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast Drivers for the ML pollution: Channel 2 - Varna - urban beach used mainly by local visitors for recreational fishing though the whole year; by homeless and drug abusers Irakly– wild camping, almost in all seasons; input of river Vaya, which is highly contaminated

  26. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea CoastCONCLUSION The results of the conducted monitoring of ML along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast exhibited that: • the most significant levels of marine pollution were the category: Artificial polymer materials - 84.3%. Dominant in this category, including maximum ML types (92 types) were: • the cigarette butts and filters (OSPAR-code 64) - 4496 nos., • followed by plastic caps/lids of beverages - (OSPAR-code 15) - 1413 nos. and • plastic cups and cup lids - (OSPAR-code 21) - 1194 nos.

  27. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast 2. Some of the ML types were of greatest quantity in summer, while others in winter and spring which was in close relation to the different sources of pollution. The accumulation of ML items was mainly from local people; recreational activities - swimming and sunbathing, along with smoking, fishing, food and drink outlets on the beach, cafes, etc. 3. During the summer period, large accumulation of ML was recorded along the seashore farther to the water edge. 4. In winter and spring, much of the ML was drifted from the sea towards the coast due to the high tides. ML pollution was further from the waterline. The items were scattered in the western part of the beaches, "caught" by the vegetation.

  28. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Litter Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast The conducted monitoring on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast will be useful for gathering information on the trends of the monitored indicator 10.1.1. "Quantity of ML accumulated on the coastline”, Descriptor 10 "Marine litter" and will help to develop appropriate strategy for achieving good environmental status of the marine environment by 2020. Yearly based campaigns for ML monitoring will ensure collection of extensive database which will serve to take measures to reduce the negative impact on the marine environment and to develop regional instruments for ML monitoring.

  29. Thank you for your attention

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