HU141_Lecture4

1. HU141_Lecture4 Definition of Rights Lecture 4, Definitions

2. Outline • Human rights and “Human Rights” • Classification and Definition of Rights • Natural • Civil • Social • Human Rights (Universal Declaration) • Civil Rights Movement • The “Social Contract” Lecture 4, Definitions

3. Classification of Rights Lecture 4, Definitions

4. Natural Rights • Natural rights (also called moral rights) are rights which are not contingent upon the laws, customs, or beliefs of a particular society or polity. • Natural rights are thus necessarily universal, whereas legal rights are culturally and politically relative. • Universalists equate Natural Rights and “Human Rights”. Lecture 4, Definitions

5. Human rights are the rights that all people have by virtue of being human beings. They are the rights commonly shared by dominant cultures. “Human Rights” are the rights adopted by the United Nations General Assembly as “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” Human rights vs. “Human Rights” Lecture 4, Definitions

6. Social Rights • Social rights are rights made by a group of people (Society) to maintain social order within a society. • Social Contract • The term social rights is sometimes used to distinguish those rights arising from the social contract, in contrast to natural rights which arise from natural law. Lecture 4, Definitions

7. Social Contract • Social contract describes a broad class of theories that try to explain the ways in which people form states to maintain social order. • The idea of the social contract implies that the people give up sovereignty to a government to maintain social order through the rule of law. • It can also be thought of as an agreement by the governed on a set of rules by which they are to be governed. Lecture 4, Definitions

8. Alboacen (972-1058 CE), • Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib al-Mawardi ( أبو الحسن علي بن محمد بن حبيب البصري الماوردي ), • known in Latin as Alboacen (972-1058 CE), was an Arab Muslim jurist of the Shafii school; • he also made contributions to Qur'anic interpretations, philology, ethics, and literature. • He served as judge at several Iraqi districts, including Baghdad, and as an emissary of the Abbasid caliph to several Muslim states. • Al-Mawardi's works on Islamic governance are recognized as classics in the field. Lecture 4, Definitions

9. Al Mawardi: ~ 1000 Lecture 4, Definitions

10. The Social Contract, Or Principles of Political Right (Du contrat social ou Principes du droit politique) (1762) by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, is the book in which Rousseau theorized about the best way in which to set up a political community. The Social Contract Lecture 4, Definitions

11. Civil Rights • Usually, Civil Rights refer to the Rights of a minority living within a dominant majority. • Civil rights are rights conveyed by a particular polity, and as such are contingent upon local laws, customs, or beliefs. • The “Civil Rights” Movement in the USA is a prominent example. Lecture 4, Definitions

12. Civil Rights Cases • African Americans (Civil Rights Movement) • Indian (Red Indians = indigenous people of the United States ) • Africans in South Africa (Apartheid = Apart-heid) • Basque in France and Spain (ETA or Euskadi Ta Askatasuna ) • Bosnians in Serbia • Uyghur in China • Malay in Thailand • Chinese in Malaysia Lecture 4, Definitions

13. African Americans (Civil Rights Movement) Lecture 4, Definitions

14. Lecture 4, Definitions

15. Malcolm X • Assassinated 1965 • Also known as Hajj Malik Shabazz‎ • Was a human rights activist. • To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. • His detractors accused him of preaching racism, black supremacy, anti-Semitism, and violence. • He has been described as one of the greatest, and most influential, African Americans in history. Lecture 4, Definitions

16. Martin Luther King, Jr. • Was assassinated in 1968 • Baptist priest, activist, and prominent leader in the African American civil rights movement. • He is best known for the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent methods. • Awarded Nobel Prize in 1964 Lecture 4, Definitions

17. Assassinated June 11, 1963 John F. Kennedy spoke on national television Civil rights were a “moral issue” Pledged “equal rights and equal opportunities” Proposed new civil rights legislation Aided by Attorney General Robert Kennedy (his brother) Both were assassinated: JFK same year; RFK 5 years later. JFK and RFK Lecture 4, Definitions

18. End-results of Civil Rights Movement in the USA Legal segregation ended Federal civil rights legislation enacted Massive numbers of African Americans became registered voters Affirmative action gave African Americans a foot in the door to economic power Formerly unspoken issues of discrimination, inequality, and racism became part of public discourse “White flight” – whites intensified desertion of cities for life in suburbs Lecture 4, Definitions

19. THANKS Lecture 4, Definitions