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Canine Search Specialist Training

Canine Search Specialist Training. STM Unit: Mapping. Unit Objective. Upon completion of this unit, you will possess a basic understanding of how maps are used for land navigation and be familiar with the practical applications of map reading for accurate navigation. Enabling Objectives.

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Canine Search Specialist Training

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  1. Canine Search Specialist Training STM Unit: Mapping

  2. Unit Objective Upon completion of this unit, you will possess a basic understanding of how maps are used for land navigation and be familiar with the practical applications of map reading for accurate navigation

  3. Enabling Objectives • Define basic mapping terms • Compare electronic and paper maps • Describe position format and datum • Interchange waypoints between GPS unit and paper map • Use a map and GPS unit to navigate

  4. The History of Maps • Primary navigation tool for centuries • Geospheric Earth to a flat map Has GPS made mapsOBSOLETE?

  5. Maps • Maps incorporate projections and datums • All maps distort Earth • Different maps can be used with GPS • Datum and coordinate system must match

  6. Reading Maps

  7. Reading Maps: USGS Topographical • Title • Top Right Corner • Details • Bottom Left Margin • Who made map • Datums • UTM Zone • USNG Zone • Map Scale • Center Bottom

  8. U.S. National Grid 100,000-m Square ID 3 00 TJ UJ 43 00 TH UH Grid Zone Designation 18S Reading Maps: USGS Topographical • USNG Grid Reference Box / Legend • Located in the Key section of map • May be variations for the 100,000m Square Identifications

  9. Map Scales • Relationship between distance on ground and distance on map • Most common • 1:24,000 – 7.5 min • Scale bars • Feet and miles • Meters and kilometers

  10. GPS Map Datum • Over 100 different Datums in GPS • Listed on bottom of map • Match map and GPS Datum’s • World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) • FEMA US&R Standard and Aircraft • North American Datum 1927 (NAD 27)* • USGS Topographical Maps * For Navigation in Continental United States NAD 27 CONUS

  11. Meade Ranch (Clarke 1866) Projections and Datums of the United States

  12. A set of coordinates can yield different positions due to different datums WGS72 Datum Shift NAD83/WGS84 NAD27 (true position) NAD27 Greenland Bermuda 1957

  13. GPS Uses WGS84 and ECEF User selects the datum and coordinate system for display purposes only. Datum Coordinate System Receiver’s processor always performs calculations in WGS84 and Earth Centered Earth Fixed (ECEF).

  14. Coordinate Systems Different coordinates represent same location hddd0 mm’ ss.s”: N 430 40’ 55.8” X W 1160 17’ 14.1” (55.8” / 60 = .93’) hddd0 mm.mmm’: N 430 40.93’ X W 1160 17.235’ (40.93’ / 60 = .682160) hddd.ddddd0 :N 43.682160 X W 116.287250 UTM/UPS: 11T 0557442m E 4836621m N USNG/MGRS: 11T NJ 57440 36624

  15. Setting GPS to North • Set GPS to North, True or Magnetic. • GPS is NOT a compass

  16. Key Points to Remember • For FEMA GPS usage • Set GPS Datum to WGS84 • Set GPS Coordinate to hdddº mm.mmm’ • OR MGRS / USNG • Set GPS to North, True or Magnetic • For USGS Topographical Maps • Datum NAD27 (GPS to NAD27 CONUS) • Coordinate to hdddº mm’ ss.s”

  17. Three Coordinate Systems • Latitude and Longitude (Lat Long) • N 430 40’ 55.8” X W 1160 17’ 14.1” • Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) • 11T 0557442m E 4836621m N • United States National Grid (USNG) • 11TNJ5744036624

  18. Latitude and Longitude

  19. Latitude and Longitude • Coordinates expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds (hdddº mm’ ss.s”) • Coordinate position is based from known reference point • Known reference point is where Prime Meridian and Equator intersect • Lat/long is predominant coordinate system

  20. Latitude and Longitude N 30º Prime Meridian 20º 10º 30º E 10º W 30º 20º 10º 20º Equator + 10º 20º Point of Origin (0º, 0º) 30º S

  21. Latitude and Longitude Prime Meridian (Longitude) Equator (Latitude) Point of Origin

  22. Longitude • Meridians that form ½ of a circle • Designated as W or E of the Prime Meridian • 0 Prime Meridian extends from North Pole to South Pole • Meridians are angled and are not parallel • 1 Longitude is 69 miles at Equator • 1 Longitude is 29 miles at Artic Circle

  23. 10º 240 mi Meridians of Longitude 10º 460 miles 10º 690 miles 10º 110º W 120º W

  24. Latitude • Equator is 0 latitude • Parallel line distance never changes • 1 Latitude = 69 miles anywhere

  25. Latitude 40º W 690 miles 30º W Equator (Latitude) 690 miles 30º N 20º W 690 miles 0º 10º S 10º W

  26. Prime Meridian (0º) Determining Latitude and Longitude 50º W 30ºN, 50ºW 30º N Point of Origin Equator (0º)

  27. 00 - 30 00 - 30 10 - 40 10 - 40 20 - 50 20 - 50 30 - 00 30 - 00 40 - 10 40 - 10 50 - 20 50 - 20 00 - 30 00 - 30 10 - 40 10 - 40 20 - 50 20 - 50 30 - 00 30 - 00 40 - 10 40 - 10 50 - 20 50 - 20 00 - 30 00 - 30 10 - 40 10 - 40 20 - 50 20 - 50 30 - 00 30 - 00 L A T I T U D E USGS 7.5’ Map Scale • Right Scale to the Right Map • Identify Longitude and Latitude side of scale • Identify the scale increments LONGITUDE 7.5 min. scale1:24,000 Typical USGS 1:24K 7.5 min Scale

  28. Place scale marks on longitude grid lines Determining Longitude 7.5 min. scale 1:24,000 Longitude of square = 115º 19' 30" LONGITUDE Longitude is not parallel L A T I T U D E Meridian Lines 2.5 min 20’ 115º 17' 30"

  29. 17' 30" L A T I T U D E Determining Latitude Place scale marks on latitudegrid lines Latitude of square = 44º 16' 50" 2.5 min LONGITUDE Latitude is parallel 7.5 min. scale 1:24,000 44º 15' 00"

  30. Task A: Determining Lat/Long • Cut out the provided scale from paper • Using the provided worksheet, practice determining the lat/long of a given spot

  31. B A D C Task A: Determining Lat/Long (continued) Worksheet Answers • N39º 29’ 15” W124º 4’ 50” • N39º 29 25” W124º 3’ 45” • N39º 28’ 05” W124º 4’ 50” • N39º 28’ 51” W124º 4’ 15”

  32. Universal Transverse Mercator(UTM)

  33. Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) • A coordinate system based on Lat/Lon • Earth divided into 60 UTM zones • Coordinates expressed as Easting and Northing • Measured in meters

  34. UTM (continued) • Eastings start at 500,000 M at center line of Zone • Northings center line is the Equator • Northings start at “0” for Northern Hemisphere • Northings start at 100,000 for Southern

  35. 60 Zones 20 Latitude Bands Zones 1 60 21 84º N X W V U T T S R 21 T Q P Equator Latitude Bands N M L K J H G F E D C 80º S UTM Grid Overlay

  36. 19 10 11 12 18 13 17 16 14 15 UTM Zones in the United States Longitude 1200 960 900 840 780 660 1260 1140 1080 1020 720

  37. 840 N UTM Zones Comparison 60 60 60 60 60 60 Equator 800S

  38. Anatomy of the UTM Zone 840 N increasing 60 0000000 m N central meridian Equator Equator 10000000 m N decreasing 500000 m E decreasing increasing

  39. UTM Coordinates • Coordinates on a USGS Topographic Map Example Zone 15S0343896mE4302079mN • Coordinates on a GPS unit Example 15S03438964302079 UTM Zone UTM Band Easting in Meters Northing in Meters UTM Zone UTM Band Easting in Meters Northing in Meters

  40. Map Tool: UTM Corner Ruler UTM Corner Ruler 10 Meter Accuracy Map Preparation • Tick Marks around Edge • Pencil and ruler • Mark UTM Grid Lines Precision is the key to ACCURACY!

  41. Precision Versus Accuracy • Precision: How small an area can be defined or plotted • GPS lat/long coordinates: To 1/10 of a second • UTM coordinates: To one meter • Accuracy: How closely a GPS receiver can calculate its position relative to its true location • Can vary from a few millimeters to several kilometers

  42. 9 5 0 5 4789 541 9 Each tic = 100 meters on this grid reader (yourgrid reader has 20 meter tics) 1,000 m Place the corner of the UTM grid reader on the point to be plotted Plotting UTM Coordinates 4791 UTM grid reader 4790 4789 542 543 541 House coordinates = 0541450mE 4789650mN

  43. Exercise: Plotting UTM Coordinates

  44. Exercise: Plotting UTM Coordinates • Plot GPS position 10 S 0294324 3925702 • Locate 0295450 3927600 0295200 3926400 0294650 3927250 0294850 3925100

  45. Task B: Using USGS Map with GPS Receiver • Draw lines to ‘grid off’ a USGS map • Use a map scale aid to determine a series of coordinates on the map • Convert coordinates using a GPS unit • Plot coordinates from a GPS unit on a map (WGS84 and NAD27 Datums)

  46. United States National Grid(USNG)

  47. United States National Grid (USNG) • Persons using different brand maps will be able to communicate using same grid system • Paper maps that use the USNG will be easily used in conjunction with GPS receivers

  48. USNG (continued) • Supplements conventional street addresses and provides locations away from the road network Department of Interior 1849 C Street NW, Washington, DC 20006 USNG: 18SUJ22850705 (NAD 83)

  49. USNG (continued) • A single system that can be taught to all citizens in the school system, and that can be used in any community across the nation • Can be uniformly truncated at various levels of precision • Basis for building a street and feature index database that can be used with any map product or device that uses the standard grid 

  50. USNG: How To Read Spatial Address • Washington Monument in Washington, D.C. • 18SUJ23480647

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