Ancient Stuff: Around 8000 BCE to Around 600 CE

1. Ancient Stuff: Around 8000 BCE to Around 600 CE Period 1 AP World History Notes

2. The Big Picture • What are civilizations all about? • How does change occur within a society? • How are people impacted by, and how do they impact, geography and climate?

3. Nomads Follow the Food • Basic needs – shelter and food • Foraging Societies – hunters and gathers • Pastoral Societies – taming animals

4. Settling Down: Neolithic Revolution • “New Stone Age” or Agricultural Revolution • Small, independent groups or communities • Cultivation means staying in one place • Water and good soil • Domesticated animals • Simple tools • Ideas of property and ownership

5. Once nomads started interacting with sedentary societies through trade or conflicts, things started to get complicated

6. Consequences of Agriculture • Organized economies • Governmental structures • Religious organizations • CIVILIZATION • Specialization of labor is key to civilization

7. Impact of Agriculture • Farming villages • Diversion of water • Clearing land • Animals used for food, clothing, and labor

8. Technology • Metal tools began replacing stone tools • Bronze metal works • Iron working

9. Big, Early Civilizations • River valleys • Large land area • Large populations • Included: • Mesopotamia • Egypt • India • China

10. Mesopotamia • “Land between the rivers” – Tigris and Euphrates • Included civilizations of: • Sumer • Babylon • Persia • Fertile crescent

11. Sumer • First major Mesopotamian Civilization • Developed Cuneiform • Trade and introduction of the wheel • Polytheistic - Ziggurats

12. Babylon • King Hammurabi • Code of Hammurabi – set of legal code • Babylon fell to other invaders: Assyrians, Medes, and Chaldeans • King Nebuchadnezar – rebuilt Babylon – architecture and culture • Fell to the Persian Empire

13. Persia • Nile River Valley in Egypt to modern day Turkey and Greece to Afghanistan • Great Royal Road

14. Others in Mesopotamia • Lydians • Coined money for trade • Phoenicians • Naval city-states • Simple alphabet • Hebrews • Judaism • Monotheistic • God’s chosen people

15. Ancient Egypt • Nile River • Pyramids • Smaller towns

16. Achievements • Control flood waters • Drainage and irrigation systems • Construction • Hieroglyphics • trade

17. Egyptian Beliefs • Polytheistic • Afterlife • Mummification • pyramids

18. Women of Egypt • Queen Hatshepsut – expanded trade • High status – many rights and opportunities • Subservient to men • More value after having children

19. Social Structure (Pyramid) • Pharoah • Priests • Nobles • Merchants and skilled artisans • Peasants (generated the most wealth)

20. Fall of Egypt • Around 1100 BCE • Conquered by the Assyrian and Persians • Greeks occupied • Absorbed into Roman Empire

21. Indus Valley Civilization (India) • Indus River system • Mountains allowed limited outside contact • Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro – major cities • Strong central government • Polytheistic • Technologies: potter’s wheel, cloth • traders

22. Aryan Arrival in India • Nomads from Caucasus Mountain regions • Horses and advanced weapons • Gave up nomadic lifestyle in the Indus Valley • Established their religious beliefs • Reincarnation • Vedas and Upanishads • HINDUISM • Caste system

23. Early China (Shang China) • Hwang Ho River Valley (Yellow River) • Agriculture surpluses led to trade centered civilization • Limited contact – traded with Mesopotamia • Believed they were the center of the world

24. Family Focus • Extended family important in most ancient civilizations • Patriarchal – led by eldest male • Gods controlled all aspects of live • Dead ancestors “middle men” to the gods

25. Zhou China • Replaced Shang around 1100 BCE • Ruled 900 years • Mandate of Heaven – power as long as rulers governed justly and wisely • Feudal system in China • King and nobles • bureaucracies

26. Bantu Migrations • Farmers of Niger and Benue River Valleys began migrating south and east • Things they took with them… • Language • Agriculture • metallurgy • Moved to lands of the nomads – nomads either joined in or left • Not all Bantu migrated

27. Bantu left due to climate changes and the growing Sahara Desert • Jenne-Jeno – first city in sub-Saharan Africa • Bantu are proof that not all human societies followed the same path toward sophistication, and that urbanization doesn’t always mean civilization

28. MesoAmerica • Two early civilizations: Olmec (Mexico) and the Chavin (The Andes) • Urban societies • Polytheistic • Developed similarly to other earlier civilizations in different parts of the world • Neither developed in a river valley- disproves the idea that river valleys are necessary

29. Classical Civilizations • MesoAmerica • Maya • India and China • Mauryan Empire • Gupta Dynasty • Qin Dynasty • Han Dynasty • Mediterranean • Greece • Rome

30. MesoAmerica – Mayan Civilization • Southern Mexico • City-states ruled by the same king • Pyramid builders • Hieroglyphics • Calendar system • Tikal – political center, 100,000 plus population • Polytheistic - ritualistic beliefs

31. Cosmos into three parts • Heavens • Middle • Underworld • Warfare was to gain slaves not territory • No large animals- humans did the farmwork • Advanced agriculture – cotton and maize • Mayan calendar – based on a number system that included 0

32. India and China • The Mauryan Empire • Gupta Dynasty • Qin Dynasty • Han Dynasty

33. Mauryan Empire • India • Depended on trade • Silk • Cotton • elephants • Founded by Chandragupta Maurya – unified Aryan kingdom into civilization • Buddhism – nonviolence and moderation

34. Gupta Dynasty • Decentralized and smaller than Mauryan • Golden Age – peace and advances in arts and society • Math advances = pi, zero, and decimals • Arabic numerals • Hinduism dominate religion in India, reinforced the caste system

35. Qin Dynasty • Lasted less than 10 years • Strong economy based on agriculture • Powerful army with iron weapons • GREAT WALL OF CHINA • Empire – organized, centralized, and territorial • patriarchial

36. Han Dynasty • Trade along the Silk Road • Civil service based on teachings of Confucius • Government workers should be educations and well spoken • Invented paper, accurate sundials, calendars, use of metals

37. Mediterranean • Greece • Rome • Beginnings of “western civilization” • Representative government • Contributed to art, architecture, literature, science and philosophy.

38. Greece • Peninsula – Agean and Mediterranean Seas • Mountainous – not good for agriculture • Location aided in trade and cultural diffusion • Replaced barter system with money system • Colonial nation – large empire • Powerful military • Transportation • Communication • governance

39. Greek Citizenship • City-States (polis) • Athens – political, commercial, and cultural center • Sparta – agricultural and militaristic region • Polis had 3 groups • Citizens (adult men) • Free people with no political rights • Noncitizens (mostly slaves)

40. Greek Democracy • Open decision making- all citizens participated • Draco and Solon – aristocrats that worked to create democracy in Athens

41. Greek Mythology • Many gods • Greek gods possessed human failings • Anger • Drunkeness • Took sides • petty • horoscopes

42. Persian Wars • United Greek city-states against Persia • Two Greek victories • Marathon • Salamis • Golden Age of Pericles – Greek era of peace and prosperity

43. Golden Age of Pericles • Delian League- alliance against common enemies • Philosophy and arts flourished • Socrates, Plato, Aristotle • Drama- comedies and tragedies • Sculpture • Architecture • Homer • Math and science • Inspired European Renaissance and Enlightenment

44. Trouble for Athens • Many city-states allied themselves with Sparta forming the Peloponnesian League • Peloponnesian War (431 BCE) – Spartan victory • BUT Sparta was left weakened and vulnerable • Macedonians invaded – but respected

45. Alexander the Great • Macedonian king • Conquered Persian Empire • Greek empire expanded into Indus River Valley • Divided empire into 3 parts • Antigonid – Greece and Macedon • Ptolemaic - Egypt • Seleucid – Bactria and Anatolia • Adopted Greek ideas and spread them • Hellenism- culture, ideals, and patterns of Classical Greece

46. Greek/Macedonian empire started to crumble with the death of Alexander the Great • Romans to the west became a new world force

47. Rome • Good geographic location • Alps to the north • Surrounded by sea • Easy access to Northern Africa, Palestine, Greece, Iberia

48. Roman Mythology • Polytheistic • Many gods of Greek origin - renamed

49. Roman structure • Patricians (land owning nobles), plebeians (all other free men) , slaves • Representative Republic – Very similar to US • Civil laws to protect individual rights • Twelve Tables of Rome – Roman law code • Social structure • Pater families – eldest male • Women did have influence within the family and could own property • Slaves – better conditions in the city than the country

50. Roman Military Domination • Carthage (North Africa) – Rome’s first enemy • Punic Wars • First to control Sicily – Rome • Second – Hannibal attacked from the north using elephants, attack on Carthage forces Hannibal back – Roman victory • Third – Roman invasion of Carthage – Roman victory • Rome continued expansion through the Mediterranean • Fought the Macedonians (Greece) and Gauls (Iberia) • All Roads Lead to Rome