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Chapter 39

Chapter 39. Gerunds and Gerundives. The Gerund. The Gerund is a verbal noun which generally can be compared with the English –ing form. eg. running, jumping It takes direct objects in the same case that the transitive verb does. It is ALWAYS in used in an ACTIVE sense.

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Chapter 39

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  1. Chapter 39 Gerunds and Gerundives

  2. The Gerund • The Gerund is a verbal noun which generally can be compared with the English –ing form. eg. running, jumping • It takes direct objects in the same case that the transitive verb does. • It is ALWAYS in used in an ACTIVE sense. • It is always in the singular neuter. • It is never in the nominative case. • It only takes the accusative with the preposition ad.

  3. The Gerund • When the gerund occurs in the accusative case with the preposition ad, it denotes PURPOSE. adgredior ad probandum I’m going out in order to prove it.

  4. The Gerund - Examples “I like to read books.” legere librōs mihi placet “I learn by reading books.” legendō librōs discō

  5. The Gerund - Examples “I give orders to my soldiers.” imperō meīs mīlitibus “I know the art of giving orders to soldiers.” nōvī artem imperandī mīlitibus

  6. The Gerund - Overview • Nominative – infinitive of the verb • Genitive – of reading, of loving • Dative – (rare) for hiding, to searching • Accusative – with ad denoting PURPOSE • Ablative – by reading, in loving

  7. The Gerundive • The gerundive will seem more complicated at first, however it is actually easier to recognize and read. • You must remember that the gerundive works on cross-mojo-nation. • The gerund has the same PURPOSE use of the accusative case. • You have already seen the gerundive used to express necessity in the passive periphrastic.

  8. Gerundive – Passive Periphrastic ūna nōx perpetua dormīenda nōbīs omnibus One eternal night must be slept by all of us. We must all sleep one eternal night. Notice that the gerundive agrees in case, number, and gender with its object.

  9. The Gerundive • The case of the gerundive comes from its use in the clause. • Both the gender and number of the gerundive come from its object. CROSS-MOJO-NATION

  10. Gerundive - Examples hanc rem tibi ūtendam dō I give this to you to use. ūtendam gets its case from its use as the direct obect and its gender and number from rem, the object of the gerundive.

  11. Gerundive - Examples Had it been…. hās rēs tibi ūtendās dō I give these to you to use. ūtendās still gets its case from its use as the direct obect and its gender and number from rēs, the object of the gerundive.

  12. Practice • nōs ipsōs adiuvāmus aliīs adiuvandīs • We help ourselves by helping others. • ille librum scrīpsit dē bellō gerendō • He wrote a book about waging war. • sapientōrēs fīmus philsophiā discendā • We become wise by learning philosophy. • is multum tempus cōnsūmpsit in cōgitandō • He spent a lot of time in thinking.

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