E nvironmental consequences of combustion processes – Part II (Global Warming)

1. CHAPTER # 4 Environmental consequences of combustion processes – Part II(Global Warming) Dr. Hassan Arafat Department of Chem. Eng. An-Najah University (these slides were adopted, with modification, from Ms. Paulina Bohdanowicz , KTH Institute, Sweden)

2. What is a Green House? Greenhouses are much warmer inside than the air is outside because the glass is transparent to light and allows short-wavelength light to pass through and heat the contents of the greenhouse. It also reflects back the longer wavelength heat radiating within the greenhouse, thus preventing if from passing back out.

3. Greenhouse Effect In A Greenhouse

4. What is Green House Effect? • In a glass greenhouse, heat builds up and gets trapped due to presence of carbon dioxide and other heat trapping gases in the upper atmosphere. • CO2 is analogous to glass. • Earth’s surface analogous to floor which radiates back absorbed energy as longer wave infrared heat.

5. The greenhouse effect Long wave heat radiation Greenhouse gases Short wave radiation Atmosphere

6. History Natural greenhouse effect Enhanced greenhouse effect The greenhouse effect • Mechanism • GHG: • H2O vapour • CO2 • CH4 • O3 • N2O • CFCs • HCFCs • HFCs • PFCs • aerosols

7. Green House Effect • Does Greenhouse effect cause warming of the earth’s surface? • YES!, for without a greenhouse effect due to gases in the atmosphere, the average temperature of the earth’s surface would be 00F. • Earth’s surface temperature is about 600F due to greenhouse effect.

8. Global Warming • Pollutants from a small area can accumulate and spread in the upper atmosphere and affect entire earth’s weather • increase in CO2 is resulting in increase of earth’s temperature • can result in melting of ice caps, coastal flooding, shift in weather patterns, etc.

9. Greenhouse Gases

10. Atmospheric CO2

11. Carbon data include only fossil fuel related emissions. They exclude emissions from cement manufacture.

13. The concentration of the three most important greenhouse gases

14. Effects of Major Greenhouse Gases on Global Warming Percent contribution Gas to global warming Carbon dioxide 57 Chlorofluorocarbons 25 Methane 12 Nitrous oxides 6

15. Contribution of CO2 Toward Global Warming Activity Percent contribution Energy use 49 Industrial processes 24 Deforestation 14 Agriculture 13

16. 1.5 2.5 Human influences on the carbon-cycle Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation are the most important anthropogenic sources for CO2 emissions to the atmosphere Atmosphere +3 GtonC/yr (+1ppm/yr) 6.0 2.0 (GtonC/yr) • Fossil fuels • Oil • Natural gas • Coal Oceanic uptake Forest regrowth (0.5) Fertilization effect (2.0) Tropical Deforestation (-1.5)

18. 6.00 USA 5.00 Canada, Australia, New Zealand 4.00 Russia 3.00 Japan Emissions (ton carbon per capita) OECD Europe 2.00 Other Europe World Average Middle East Latin America China 1.00 Other Asia Africa India - 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 Population (million) CO2-C emission per capita, 1998 2 Gt C/yr 10 billion people 0.2 ton C/capita per yr

19. Annual precipitation pattern has changed Source: www.ipcc.ch

20. Annual temperature pattern has changed Source: www.ipcc.ch

21. Consequences of increased CO2 levels Enhanced photosynthesis & plant growth Increased plant water use efficiency Reduction of susceptibility to several environmental stresses Increase in biodiversity Increase in acidity of oceans Global warming • Consequences of global warming • Melting of ice caps • Increase in ocean levels • Coral bleaching • More severe weather conditions • Plant life – loss of biodiversity • Gulf Stream? • Global warming kills about 160,000 people through its effects every year

22. 1979 National Geographic Magazine September 2004 2003 +

23. Söndre Strömfjord, Greenland, 1985 The glacier fronts are retreating.

24. Melting glaciers

26. Vogel, G.: Science 297, Aug. 23 2002 Scott, R.C. 1996

27. Weather-related disasters

28. Weather-related disasters

29. What Can We Do? • Reduce World’s Population? • Reduce or maintain current levels of CO2 in the atmosphere

30. Rio Earth Summit 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): Intention to reduce atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases Nonbinding agreement, affecting 40 industrialized countries (annex I) Kyoto Protocol • Kyoto 1997 • Third conference of the parties • Kyoto protocol: treaty that fixes targets and timetables for the annex I countries • Ratified by Russia on November 18, 2004 • Came into force on February 15, 2005

31. Present status of the USA • Responsible for 25% of CO2 emissions • Did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol • Calling for a further involvement of developing countries, in particular China and India • ”Economy would be affected too much” & ”American lif style is not a point of discussion” • Kyoto Protocol is ”fatally flaved” • Aim to stabilize emissions • In 2002 left the international negotiations • Measures on state level • 12% increase between 1990 and 2001