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Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM). Simulates: yield of crops, pastures, trees, weeds ... key soil processes (water, N, P, carbon, pH) surface residue dynamics & erosion range of management options crop rotations + fallowing + mixtures short or long term effects
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Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) Simulates: • yield of crops, pastures, trees, weeds ... • key soil processes (water, N, P, carbon, pH) • surface residue dynamics & erosion • range of management options • crop rotations + fallowing + mixtures • short or long term effects • one or two dimensions • high software engineering standards • BUT, not yet pests nor diseases
APSIM - developmental goals • Production and profit • sought to retain yield prediction in relation to management options and environment (c/f - CERES, CROPGRO models) • Fate of the soil resource • sought valid long-term simulation of key soil processes (c/f - CENTURY, EPIC) • Impacts off-farm • predict loss of soil, water, nutrients off-site (c/f - EPIC)
APSIM - some statistics • Development team • 7 programmers / model support staff • 12 scientist / modellers • User base • 180 licensed users • 9 countries, 4 continents • Product Suite • ca. 450,000 lines of code • 4 languages • 38 modules • 12 interfaces or major tools
Crop/pasture/tree wheat sorghum sugarcane chickpea mungbean soybean barley groundnut maize sunflower hemp lucerne fababean canola lupin mucuna cowpea Pinus radiata Eucalyptus sp. cotton - CSIRO PI pearl millet - ICRISAT pigeonpea - ICRISAT Soil SoilWat SWIM SoilN SoilP SoilpH Solute Residue Manure - ICRISAT Developing our knowledge & capability - APSIM modules Management Sowing Tillage Irrigate Fertilize Intercrop/mixture competition
APSIM has been used to simulate … Some examples
…physiological processes Pigeonpea qualitative photoperiod response
…plant organs Tiller leaf area in millet
…crop growth & development Growth & development of pigeonpea
…yield of experimental crops Mungbean Chickpea Cowpea 3000 5000 yields 1200 4500 1:1 line 2500 regression 4000 y = 1.0631x - 70.964 900 3500 2000 2 R = 0.7924 3000 Predicted Predicted 1500 600 2500 Predicted 2000 1000 1:1 line 1500 300 Grain (g/m2) y = 0.87x + 221.44 1000 500 Biomass (g/m2) 2 R = 0.77 500 0 0 0 0 300 600 900 1200 0.0 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 2000.0 2500.0 3000.0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Observed Observed Observed Prediction n regression line R2 slope intercept wheat grain 43 1.07 -13.0 0.79 maize grain 111 0.98 ( 0.04) -5.5 ( 240) 0.85 chickpea grain 60 0.90 ( 0.07) 163 ( 172) 0.76 mungbean grain 47 1.07 ( 0.10) -27.2 ( 128) 0.72 cowpea grain 15 0.93 ( 0.08) -31.6 ( 34.6) 0.91 stylo biomass 63 0.84 ( 0.06) -131.7 ( 171) 0.78
…yield of commercial crops • APSIM tested against data from commercial farms • Crops include cotton, sorghum, mungbean, wheat, chickpea
… yield of smallholder crops Maize response to N in Malawi Maize response to N & manure in Kenya Maize response to N at Makoholi
… N response in smallholder crops Testing simulation of maize response to N at Makoholi over 7 seasons 1991-1997
… seasonal perspectives How representative were the seasons 91-98 at Makoholi?
… yield of crops in rotation Lines = predicted Symbols = observed Wheat-Sorghum Long Fallow rotation
… soil water of crops in rotation Wheat Sorgham Wheat-Sorghum Long Fallow rotation
… ET of crops in rotation 93 Wheat, 94-97 Lucerne measured in lysimeter
… legume rotation effects Maize response (TBM) to fertiliser N following pigeonpea, India
… consequence of crop rotations $GM drainage wheat-wheat-mungbean-sorghum-chickpea rotation
… soil organic matter changes Farming systems on a vertisol at Dalby, Qld.
…crop-weed competition Maize – volunteer stylo
…response to manure application High & low quality manure applied to maize
… response to N, P fertilizer & manure Maize response to P rates in Kenya Response to N, P and manure, India
… “on-farm” constraints Response to 36 kg N/ha
… agroforestry systems Enabling landholder assessment of the productivity and risk of commercial agroforestry investment on grain farms in Australia’s medium to low rainfall regions
YES…but the information needs to be made relevant to farmers’ realities
Source: Peter Carberry CSIRO, Australia Click the back button on your browser to return to the main menu