What is History?

1. What is History?

2. From PRE-history to CIVILIZATION 8000 BCE-600 CE PERIOD ONE First Peoples; First Farmers APWH

3. First People – First Farmers Paleolithic period – humans migrated out of Africa and adapted to new environments Egalitarian societies Developed sophisticated technologies Key Concept 1.1. Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth The term Big Geography draws attention to the global nature of world history. Throughout the Paleolithic period, humans migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas. Early humans were mobile and creative in adapting to different geographical settings from savanna to desert to Ice Age tundra. By making an analogy with modern hunterforager societies, anthropologists infer that these bands were relatively egalitarian. Humans also developed varied and sophisticated technologies. What key points should we take from this key concept?

4. Nomads: Follow the Food

5. Foraging Societies • Foraging is hunting and gathering • Small groups nomadic groups that follow food • At the mercy of nature • Natural phenomena could endanger entire communities • Few possessions

6. Pastoral Societies • Domestication of animals • Mostly in mountain regions and in areas that could not support crops. • Supplemented with small scale agriculture • Mostly egalitarian • Concept of extended family

7. Pastoral cont. • Social class based on size of herd • Few possessions

8. Key Dates • 250,000 BP - Physical modernity • 100,000 BP - Out of Africa • 10,000 BP – end of Ice Age • 10,000 BP – farming Neolithic Revolution Agricultural Revolution

9. 8,000 – 3,500 B.C.E.Neolithic (New Stone Age) Paleolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Early Stone Age Late Stone Age Middle Stone Age Gathering hunting peoples = hunting foraging bands AP Term! The Last Ice Age 100,000 – 10,000 Years ago How did we go from fewer than 10,000 individuals 100,000 years ago to… LINK today?

10. In Africa (250,00 – 100,000 BP) • Adapt to range of environments • Tools – stone, bone, hand axes • Hunting and fishing • Seasonal settlements • Exchange of ideas/goods – 200 miles • Symbolic behavior - Body ornaments and burials How did people survive before hunting and fishing? What is the advantage of moving around? And then they started to leave Africa…

11. Eurasia 100,000 40,000 • Hunting • Clothing • Storage • Venus Figurines • Bone needles – layered doting • Spears, bow and arrow • Cave paintings

12. Australia 60,000 • 1st boats • Local plants and animals • Dreamtime • Pituri

13. Americas 30,000-15,000 • Bering Strait or West Coast? • Large animals * environmental • Clovis point • Diversification after ice age Development of weaponry Animal-skin disguises Stampeding tactics Lighting of fires, etc. to drive game into kill zones

14. 3,500 years ago • From Philippines and New Guinea • Ocean going canoes • Brought domesticated plants/animals • Stratified • Extinction of animals – flightless birds – moa • Stratified society - Chiefdom Pacific

15. Paleolithic Societies How did a gathering and hunting society impact the accumulation of surplus? How would this impact equality within a society?

16. Agricultural Development 12,000 – 4,000 year ago Separately and Independently

17. Settling Down: Neolithic Revolution (Not an actual fight or lunge for power)…

18. Agricultural Revolution = Neolithic Revolution Cultivation of plants and domestication of animals People don’t use what they find in nature, they change nature to get what they need Occurred separately and independently See page 28-29

19. Agricultural Societies • Neolithic Revolution=Agricultural revolution • Neolithic revolution when people began congregating and forming small villages • Relied more on environment (soil and water) • More sense of unity with sustained cultural interactions

20. Agricultural Soc. Cont. • Idea of ownership of property • Food surplus=specialization of labor • Irrigation lead to even greater surplus • Civilizations emerge

21. Impact of Agriculture on Environment • Farming villages changed environment by rerouting water, clearing land, and building cities • Land and resources reconfigured to fit needs of growing civilization • Animals used for both food and labor • Metallurgy= reliable tools and weapons • Latter part of Neolithic revolution=Bronze Age

22. Causes - spread of Neolithic Revolution • Diffusion of ideas /technology • Migration • Disease • Intermarriage • Violence • Impacts of Neolithic Revolution • Technological improvements • Pottery, plows, textiles, • metallurgy, wheels • Food surplus • Population increase • Specialization

23. Development of Complex Societies Surplus needed to allow specialization First complex societies 3500 BCE – 500 BCE

24. Questions Refer to pages 28-29 Which agricultural center did not spread agricultural knowledge much beyond its core region? Where would you have expected this region to spread its use of agriculture?

25. Chiefdom vs. Stateless Societies • Chiefdom • Inherited power • Control by gifts, charisma • Priests organize projects • Tribute collections – specialization • Polynesian, N America • Stateless • Gender equality • Specialization – little inequality • Group decision making through lineage • Some social stratification- but not inherited • Çatalhöyük, Turkey, Tiv, Nigeria

26. Civilizations Competing chiefdoms Neolithic Revolution Surplus Large populations Specialization Large scale irrigation Powerful states Inequality Social stratification

27. Core and Foundational Civilizations Shang Mesopotamia Olmecs Nile River Valley Indus River Valley Norte Chico Independent, global, 3,500 B.C.E. – 1000 B.C.E.

28. Rise of Patriarchal Societies Warfare Taming nature More children and less resources Continues today Describe rights of Egyptian women

29. Rise of the State • Purpose of states • Conflict between peoples • Large scale irrigation • Warfare and protection • Source of Power • China – son of heaven • Stewards of local god • Ability to collect and distribute tribute • Force is possible Primary Source Reading

30. Mesopotamia • 3,000 B.C.E. – 100,000

31. Temple • “Mountain of the Gods • 80% Urban Ziggurat at Ur Defensive Walls

32. Legal System • The Code of Hammurabi • Established high standards of behavior and stern punishment for violators • lextalionis–“law of retaliation” • Social status and punishment • women as property, but some rights

33. Cultural Hearths – centers of innovation, where key cultural traits develop and influence surrounding areas (writing, metullargy, astronomy, long-distance trade, math, specialization of labor, and formal governments )