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Boundless Teaching Platform Helps Educators Engage Students with Customizable Textbooks and Teaching Tools

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Boundless Teaching Platform Helps Educators Engage Students with Customizable Textbooks and Teaching Tools

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Characteristics of Fungi Fungi Ecology of Fungi Classifications of Fungi Fungal Parasites and Pathogens ] Importance of Fungi in Human Life Fungi Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Fungi > Characteristics of Fungi Characteristics of Fungi • Characteristics of Fungi • Fungi Cell Structure and Function • Fungi Reproduction Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/fungi-24/characteristics-of-fungi-149/

  6. Fungi > Ecology of Fungi Ecology of Fungi • Fungi Habitat, Decomposition, and Recycling • Mutualistic Relationships with Fungi and Fungivores Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/fungi-24/ecology-of-fungi-151/

  7. Fungi > Classifications of Fungi Classifications of Fungi • Chytridiomycota: The Chytrids • Zygomycota: The Conjugated Fungi • Ascomycota: The Sac Fungi • Basidiomycota: The Club Fungi • Deuteromycota: The Imperfect Fungi • Glomeromycota Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/fungi-24/classifications-of-fungi-150/

  8. Fungi > Fungal Parasites and Pathogens Fungal Parasites and Pathogens • Fungi as Plant, Animal, and Human Pathogens Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/fungi-24/fungal-parasites-and-pathogens-152/

  9. Fungi > Importance of Fungi in Human Life Importance of Fungi in Human Life • Importance of Fungi in Human Life Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/fungi-24/importance-of-fungi-in-human-life-153/

  10. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. Fungi Key terms • aflatoxintoxic, carcinogenic compounds released by fungi of the genus Aspergillus; contaminate nut and grain harvests • antheridiaa haploid structure or organ producing and containing male gametes (called antherozoids or sperm) present in lower plants like mosses and ferns, primitive vascular psilotophytes, and fungi • arbuscular mycorrhizaea type of symbiotic relationship between a fungus and the roots of a plant where the plants supply a source of energy to the fungus while the fungus supplies essential minerals to the plant • ascocarpthe sporocarp of an ascomycete, typically bowl-shaped • ascogoniuma haploid structure or organ producing and containing female gametes in certain Ascomycota fungi • ascomyceteany fungus of the phylum Ascomycota, characterized by the production of a sac, or ascus, which contains non-motile spores • Ascomycotaa taxonomic division within the kingdom Fungi; those fungi that produce spores in a microscopic sporangium called an ascus • Ascomycotaa taxonomic division within the kingdom Fungi; those fungi that produce spores in a microscopic sporangium called an ascus • ascosporea sexually-produced spore from the ascus of an Ascomycetes fungus • ascusa sac-shaped cell present in ascomycete fungi; it is a reproductive cell in which meiosis and an additional cell division produce eight spores • basidiocarpa fruiting body that protrudes from the ground, known as a mushroom, which has a developing basidia on the gills under its cap • basidiomycetea fungus of the phylum Basidiomycota, which produces sexual spores on a basidium Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. Fungi • Basidiomycotaa taxonomic division within the kingdom Fungi: 30,000 species of fungi that produce spores from a basidium • basidiosporea sexually-reproductive spore produced by fungi of the phylum Basidiomycota • basidiuma small structure, shaped like a club, found in the Basidiomycota phylum of fungi, that bears four spores at the tips of small projections • biotrophicdescribing a parasite that needs its host to stay alive • chitina complex polysaccharide, a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and in the cell walls of fungi; thought to be responsible for some forms of asthma in humans • chytridiomycetean organism of the phylum Chytridiomycota • coenocytica multinucleate cell that can result from multiple nuclear divisions without their accompanying cytokinesis • conidiaasexual, non-motile spores of a fungus, named after the Greek word for dust, conia; also known as conidiospores and mitospores • conidiosporea unicellular spore produced asexually by a fungus • conjugationthe temporary fusion of organisms, especially as part of sexual reproduction • decomposerany organism that feeds off decomposing organic material, especially bacterium or fungi • dermatophytea parasitic fungus that secretes extracellular enzymes that break down keratin, causing infections the skin, such as jock itch and athlete's foot Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. Fungi • deuteromycetean organism of the phylum Deuteromycota • Deuteromycotaa taxonomic morphological group within the kingdom Fungi; the fungi have no sexual reproduction • ergosterolthe functional equivalent of cholesterol found in cell membranes of fungi and some protists, as well as, the steroid precursor of vitamin D2 • ergotany fungus in the genus Claviceps which are parasitic on grasses • ergotany fungus in the genus Claviceps which are parasitic on grasses • exoenzymeany enzyme, generated by a cell, that functions outside of that cell • flagelluma flagellum is a lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body of certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells • gametangiuman organ or cell in which gametes are produced that is found in many multicellular protists, algae, fungi, and the gametophytes of plants • glomeromycetean organism of the phylum Glomeromycota • glucanany polysaccharide that is a polymer of glucose • heterotrophicorganisms that use complex organic compounds as sources of energy and carbon • homothallicmale and female reproductive structures are present in the same plant or fungal mycelium Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. Fungi • hyphaa long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus that is the main mode of vegetative growth • immunosuppressantcapable of immunosuppression, or the reduction of immune system efficacy • inoculantthe active material used in an inoculation • karyogamythe fusion of two nuclei within a cell • karyogamythe fusion of two nuclei within a cell • lichenany of many symbiotic organisms, being associations of fungi and algae; often found as white or yellow patches on old walls, etc. • lichenany of many symbiotic organisms, being associations of fungi and algae; often found as white or yellow patches on old walls, etc. • myceliumthe vegetative part of any fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, threadlike hyphae, often underground • mycorrhizaa symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant • mycorrhizaa symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant • mycosisa fungal disease caused by infection and direct damage • plasmogamystage of sexual reproduction joining the cytoplasm of two parent mycelia without the fusion of nuclei Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. Fungi • plasmogamystage of sexual reproduction joining the cytoplasm of two parent mycelia without the fusion of nuclei • polyphyletichaving multiple ancestral sources; referring to a taxon that does not contain the most recent common ancestor of its members • saprobean organism that lives off of dead or decaying organic material • saprophyteany organism that lives on dead organic matter, as certain fungi and bacteria • septumcell wall division between hyphae of a fungus • sporangiuma case, capsule, or container in which spores are produced by an organism • sporea reproductive particle, usually a single cell, released by a fungus, alga, or plant that may germinate into another • sporea reproductive particle, usually a single cell, released by a fungus, alga, or plant that may germinate into another • thallusvegetative body of a fungus • thallusvegetative body of a fungus • zoosporean asexual spore of some algae and fungi • zygomycetean organism of the phylum Zygomycota Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  16. Fungi • zygosporea spore formed by the union of several zoospores Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  17. Fungi Release of ascospores The bright field light micrograph shows ascospores being released from asci in the fungus Talaromyces flavus var. flavus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Classifications of Fungi. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44625/latest/Figure_24_02_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  18. Fungi Fungal pathogens Some fungal pathogens include (a) green mold on grapefruit, (b) powdery mildew on a zinnia, (c) stem rust on a sheaf of barley, and (d) grey rot on grapes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Fungal Parasites and Pathogens. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44628/latest/Figure_24_04_01abcd.jpgView on Boundless.com

  19. Fungi Fungi as decomposers Fungi are an important part of ecosystem nutrient cycles. These bracket fungi growing on the side of a tree are the fruiting structures of a basidiomycete. They receive their nutrients through their hyphae, which invade and decay the tree trunk. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 12, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44632/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  20. Fungi Example of a mycelium of a fungus The mycelium of the fungus Neotestudina rosati can be pathogenic to humans. The fungus enters through a cut or scrape and develops a mycetoma, a chronic subcutaneous infection. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Characteristics of Fungi. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44622/latest/Figure_24_01_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  21. Fungi Division of hyphae into separate cells Fungal hyphae may be (a) septated or (b) coenocytic (coeno- = "common"; -cytic = "cell") with many nuclei present in a single hypha. A bright field light micrograph of (c) Phialophora richardsiae shows septa that divide the hyphae. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Characteristics of Fungi. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44622/latest/Figure_24_01_04abcf.jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. Fungi Parasitic chytrids The chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is seen in these light micrographs as transparent spheres growing on (a) a freshwater arthropod and (b) algae. This chytrid causes skin diseases in many species of amphibians, resulting in species decline and extinction. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Classifications of Fungi. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44625/latest/Figure_24_02_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  23. Fungi Lifecycle of a basidiomycete The lifecycle of a basidiomycete alternates generation with a prolonged stage in which two nuclei (dikaryon) are present in the hyphae. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Classifications of Fungi. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44625/latest/Figure_24_02_07.pngView on Boundless.com

  24. Fungi Example of an imperfect fungus Aspergillus niger is an imperfect fungus commonly found as a food contaminant. The spherical structure in this light micrograph is a conidiophore. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Classifications of Fungi. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44625/latest/Figure_24_02_08.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. Fungi Thallus of lichen This cross-section of a lichen thallus shows the (a) upper cortex of fungal hyphae, which provides protection; the (b) algal zone where photosynthesis occurs, the (c) medulla of fungal hyphae, and the (d) lower cortex, which also provides protection and may have (e) rhizines to anchor the thallus to the substrate. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Ecology of Fungi. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44632/latest/Figure_24_03_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. Fungi Examples of fungi Many species of fungus produce the familiar mushroom (a) which is a reproductive structure. This (b) coral fungus displays brightly-colored fruiting bodies. This electron micrograph shows (c) the spore-bearing structures of Aspergillus, a type of toxic fungi found mostly in soil and plants. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Introduction. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44620/latest/Figure_24_00_01abcf.jpgView on Boundless.com

  27. Fungi Morel mushroom The morel mushroom is an ascomycete much appreciated for its delicate taste. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 14, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44629/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  28. Fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is approximately 5 µm in diameter and is important for the production of wine, beer, and bread. The yeast also has many applications in medical research. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks."Cell Biology/Models/Yeasts."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cell_Biology/Models/YeastsView on Boundless.com

  29. Fungi The release of fungal spores The (a) giant puff ball mushroom releases (b) a cloud of spores when it reaches maturity. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Characteristics of Fungi. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44622/latest/Figure_24_01_05abf.jpgView on Boundless.com

  30. Fungi Zygomycete life cycle Zygomycetes have asexual and sexual life cycles. In the sexual life cycle, plus and minus mating types conjugate to form a zygosporangium. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Classifications of Fungi. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44625/latest/Figure_24_02_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. Fungi Sporangia of bread mold Sporangia grow at the end of stalks, which appear as (a) white fuzz seen on this bread mold, Rhizopus stolonifer. The (b) tips of bread mold are the spore-containing sporangia. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Classifications of Fungi. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44625/latest/Figure_24_02_03abf.jpgView on Boundless.com

  32. Fungi Fruiting bodies of a basidiomycete The fruiting bodies of a basidiomycete form a ring in a meadow, commonly called "fairy ring." The best-known fairy ring fungus has the scientific name Marasmius oreades. The body of this fungus, its mycelium, is underground and grows outward in a circle. As it grows, the mycelium depletes the soil of nitrogen, causing the mycelia to grow away from the center, leading to the "fairy ring" of fruiting bodies where there is adequate soil nitrogen. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Classifications of Fungi. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44625/latest/Figure_24_02_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  33. Fungi The poisonous Amanita muscaria The poisonous Amanita muscaria is native to temperate and boreal regions of North America. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Characteristics of Fungi. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44622/latest/Figure_24_01_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  34. Fungi Example of a unicellular fungus Candida albicans is a yeast cell and the agent of candidiasis and thrush. This organism has a similar morphology to coccus bacteria; however, yeast is a eukaryotic organism (note the nucleus). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Characteristics of Fungi. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44622/latest/Figure_24_01_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  35. Fungi Glyomeromycetes and tree roots This image illustrates the bitrophic relationship between a glomeromycota (Gigaspora margarita) and the roots of a plant (Lotus corniculatus). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Glomeromycota."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlomeromycotaView on Boundless.com

  36. Fungi Lifecycle of an ascomycete The lifecycle of an ascomycete is characterized by the production of asci during the sexual phase. The haploid phase is the predominant phase of the life cycle. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Classifications of Fungi. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44625/latest/Figure_24_02_04.pngView on Boundless.com

  37. Fungi Mycosis infection (a) Ringworm presents as a red ring on skin; (b) Trichophyton violaceum, shown in this bright field light micrograph, causes superficial mycoses on the scalp; (c) Histoplasma capsulatum is an ascomycete that infects airways and causes symptoms similar to influenza. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Fungal Parasites and Pathogens. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44628/latest/Figure_24_04_02abc.jpgView on Boundless.com

  38. Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi (a) Ectomycorrhiza and (b) arbuscular mycorrhiza have different mechanisms for interacting with the roots of plants. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Ecology of Fungi. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44632/latest/Figure_24_03_03.pngView on Boundless.com

  39. Fungi Lichen: fungi and cyanobateria Lichens have many forms. They may be (a) crust-like, (b) hair-like, or (c) leaf-like. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Ecology of Fungi. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44632/latest/Figure_24_03_05abcf.jpgView on Boundless.com

  40. Fungi Fungi: beneficial & pathogenic Shelf fungi, so called because they grow on trees in a stack, attack and digest the trunk or branches of a tree. While some shelf fungi are found only on dead trees, others can parasitize living trees, causing eventual death. They are considered serious tree pathogens. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 12, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44632/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  41. Fungi Fungal Insecticides The emerald ash borer is an insect that attacks ash trees. It is in turn parasitized by a pathogenic fungus that holds promise as a biological insecticide. The parasitic fungus appears as white fuzz on the body of the insect. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 14, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44629/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  42. Fungi Release of spores from a sporangium This bright field light micrograph shows the release of spores from a sporangium at the end of a hypha called a sporangiophore. The organism depicted is a Mucor sp. fungus: a mold often found indoors. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Characteristics of Fungi. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44622/latest/Figure_24_01_08.jpgView on Boundless.com

  43. Fungi Types of fungal reproduction Fungi may utilize both asexual and sexual stages of reproduction; sexual reproduction often occurs in response to adverse environmental conditions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Characteristics of Fungi. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44622/latest/Figure_24_01_07.jpgView on Boundless.com

  44. Fungi Attribution • Wiktionary."Ascomycota."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ascomycota • Wiktionary."lichen."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lichen • Wikipedia."mycorrhiza."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mycorrhiza • Wiktionary."spore."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spore • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/heterotrophic • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44620/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."saprophyte."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/saprophyte • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/thallus • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/septum • Wikipedia."hypha."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hypha • Wiktionary."mycelium."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mycelium • Wiktionary."ergosterol."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ergosterol • Wiktionary."glucan."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glucan • Wiktionary."chitin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chitin • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44622/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."sporangium."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sporangium • Wikipedia."gametangium."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gametangium Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  45. Fungi • Wiktionary."karyogamy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/karyogamy • Wiktionary."plasmogamy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plasmogamy • Wiktionary."homothallic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homothallic • Wiktionary."spore."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spore • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44622/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/chytridiomycete • Wikipedia."coenocytic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/coenocytic • Wikipedia."flagellum."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/flagellum • Wiktionary."zoospore."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zoospore • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 15, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44625/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44625/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."conjugation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conjugation • Wiktionary."zygospore."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zygospore • Wiktionary."karyogamy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/karyogamy • Wiktionary."zygomycete."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zygomycete • Wikipedia."Zygomycete."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomycete • Wikibooks."Structural Biochemistry/Three Domains of Life/Eukarya."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Three_Domains_of_Life/Eukarya • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44625/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."ascomycete."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ascomycete Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  46. Fungi • Wiktionary."plasmogamy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plasmogamy • Wiktionary."ascocarp."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ascocarp • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/ascogonium • Wikipedia."antheridia."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/antheridia • Wikipedia."conidia."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/conidia • Wiktionary."ascospore."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ascospore • Wiktionary."ascus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ascus • Wiktionary."Ascomycota."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ascomycota • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44625/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."basidiomycete."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/basidiomycete • Wiktionary."basidiocarp."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/basidiocarp • Wiktionary."basidiospore."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/basidiospore • Wiktionary."basidium."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/basidium • Wiktionary."Basidiomycota."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Basidiomycota • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44625/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/deuteromycete • Wiktionary."conidiospore."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conidiospore • Wiktionary."polyphyletic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polyphyletic • Wiktionary."Deuteromycota."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Deuteromycota Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  47. Fungi • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44625/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/glomeromycete • Wikipedia."arbuscular mycorrhizae."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/arbuscular%20mycorrhizae • Wiktionary."biotrophic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biotrophic • Wikipedia."Glomeromycota."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomeromycota • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44625/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/thallus • Wiktionary."lichen."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lichen • Wikipedia."mycorrhiza."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mycorrhiza • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 22, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44632/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44632/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."dermatophyte."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dermatophyte • Wiktionary."mycosis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mycosis • Wiktionary."aflatoxin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aflatoxin • Wiktionary."ergot."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ergot • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44628/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44628/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."saprobe."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/saprobe • Wiktionary."exoenzyme."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exoenzyme Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  48. Fungi • Wiktionary."decomposer."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/decomposer • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 12, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44632/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 22, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44632/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."immunosuppressant."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immunosuppressant • Wiktionary."ergot."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ergot • Wiktionary."inoculant."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inoculant • Wikibooks."Bread."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Bread • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 14, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44629/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 22, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44629/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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