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GCSE: Quadratic Functions and Simplifying Rational Expressions

GCSE: Quadratic Functions and Simplifying Rational Expressions. Dr J Frost (jfrost@tiffin.kingston.sch.uk). Last modified: 10 th December 2015. Factorising Overview. Factorising means : To turn an expression into a product of factors. So what factors can we see here?.

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GCSE: Quadratic Functions and Simplifying Rational Expressions

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  1. GCSE: Quadratic Functions and Simplifying Rational Expressions Dr J Frost (jfrost@tiffin.kingston.sch.uk) Last modified: 10th December 2015

  2. Factorising Overview Factorising means : To turn an expression into a product of factors. So what factors can we see here? Year 8 Factorisation Factorise 2x2 + 4xz 2x(x+2z) Year 9 Factorisation Factorise x2 + 3x + 2 (x+1)(x+2) A Level Factorisation Factorise 2x3 + 3x2 – 11x – 6 (2x+1)(x-2)(x+3)

  3. Factor Challenge 5 + 10x x – 2xz x2y – xy2 10xyz – 15x2y xyz – 2x2yz2 + x2y2

  4. Exercises Extension Question: What integer (whole number) solutions are there to the equation Answer: . So the two expressions we’re multiplying can be This gives solutions of 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

  5. Factorising out an expression It’s fine to factorise out an entire expression: ? ? ? ?

  6. Harder Factorisation ? ?

  7. Exercises Edexcel GCSE Mathematics Textbook Page 111 – Exercise 8D Q1 (right column), Q2 (right column)

  8. Expanding two brackets 1 ? 2 ? 3 ? 4 ? 5 ? 6 ? 7 ? 8 ? 9 ? 10 ? 11 ? 12 ? 13 ? 14 ?

  9. Faster expansion of squared brackets There’s a quick way to expand squared brackets involving two terms: ? ? ? ?

  10. Four different types of factorisation 1. Factoring out a term 2. ? ? 4. 3. Difference of two squares ? ? Strategy: either split the middle term, or ‘go commando’.

  11. 2. Which is ? How does this suggest we can factorise say ? ? Is there a good strategy for working out which numbers to use?

  12. 2. 1 ? 2 ? 3 ? ? 4 ? 5 ? 6 ? 7 ? 8 ? 9 ? 10 ?

  13. 3. Difference of two squares Firstly, what is the square root of: ? ? ? ? ?

  14. 3. Difference of two squares Click to Start Bromanimation

  15. 3. Difference of two squares ? ? ? (In your head!) ? ? ?

  16. 3. Difference of two squares Exercises: ? 1 ? 2 ? 3 ? 4 ? 5 ? 6 ? 7 ? 8 ? 9 ? 10

  17. 4. ? Factorise using: The ‘commando’ method* b. Splitting the middle term * Not official mathematical terminology.

  18. 4. ? ? ? ?

  19. Exercises ? 1 ? 2 ? 3 4 ? 5 ? ‘Commando’ starts to become difficult from this question onwards. 6 ? ? 7 ? 8 ? 9 ? 10 11 ? Well Hardcore: ? N ? N

  20. Simplifying Algebraic Fractions ? ? ?

  21. Negating a difference ? ? ? ?

  22. Exercises ? ? 1 7 2 ? 8 ? ? 3 9 ? 4 ? 10 ? 5 ? ? 11 6 ?

  23. Algebraic Fractions ? ? How did we identify the new denominator to use? (Note: If you’ve added/subtracted fractions before using some ‘cross-multiplication’-esque method, unlearn it now, because it’s pants!)

  24. Algebraic Fractions The same principle can be applied to algebraic fractions. ? ?

  25. The Wall of Algebraic Fraction Destiny ? ? ? “To learn the secret ways of algebra ninja, simplify fraction you must.”

  26. Recap ? ? ? ? ?

  27. Exercises ? 1 ? 8 ? 2 ? 9 ? 3 ? 10 ? 4 11 ? 5 ? ? 6 ? 7

  28. Completing the Square – Starter Expand the following: ? ? ? ? What do you notice about the coefficient of the term in each case?

  29. Completing the square Typical GCSE question: “Express in the form , where and are constants.” ?

  30. Completing the square More examples: ? ? ? ? ? ?

  31. Exercises Express the following in the form 1 ? ? 2 3 ? 4 ? ? 5 6 ? 7 ? ? ? 11 8 ? 9 ? 10

  32. More complicated cases Express the following in the form : ? ? ? ? ? ?

  33. Exercises Put in the form or ? 1 ? 2 ? 3 4 ? ? 5 ? 6 ? 7

  34. Proofs Show that for any integer , is always even. How many would we need to try before we’re convinced this is true? Is this a good approach?

  35. Proofs Prove that the sum of three consecutive integers is a multiple of 3. We need to ensure this works for any possible 3 consecutive numbers. What could we represent the first number as to keep things generic?

  36. Proofs Prove that odd square numbers are always 1 more than a multiple of 4.

  37. How would you represent… Any odd number: ? ? Any even number: Two consecutive odd numbers. ? Two consecutive even numbers. ? One less than a multiple of 3. ?

  38. Proofs Prove that the difference between the squares of two odd numbers is a multiple of 8.

  39. Example Problems People in in the right row work on this: People in the left row work on this: People in the middle row work on this: [Nov 2012] (In the previous part of the question, you were asked to factorise , which is ) “ is a positive whole number. The expression can never be a prime number. Explain why.” [March 2013] Prove algebraically that the difference between the squares of any two consecutive integers is equal to the sum of these two integers. [June 2012] Prove that is a multiple of 8 for all positive integer values of .

  40. Exercises Edexcel GCSE Mathematics Textbook Page 469 – Exercise 28E Odd numbered questions

  41. Even/Odd Proofs Some proofs don’t need algebraic manipulation. They just require us to reason about when our number is odd and when our number is even. Prove that is always odd for all integers . When is even: is . So is . When is odd: is . So is . Therefore is always odd. ?

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