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C.1 Petrochemicals

C.1 Petrochemicals. Polymers – large molecules coomposed of 500 to 20000 or more repeating units of simpler molecules known as monomers. Petrochemicals – compounds from oil or natural gas. Ex. Detergents, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics…

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C.1 Petrochemicals

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  1. C.1 Petrochemicals • Polymers – large molecules coomposed of 500 to 20000 or more repeating units of simpler molecules known as monomers. • Petrochemicals – compounds from oil or natural gas. • Ex. Detergents, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics… • Synthetic polymers – paint components, fabrics, rubber, foams,…

  2. Double covalent bond – ethene, ehylene, carbon is bonded to carbon with 2 bonds.

  3. Chemists use hydrocarbons and knowledge of carbon and covalent bonding to build new molecules • Until 1800s all materials were natural materials. Eg stone, wood, cotton, silk • Commercially made products: cellulose from wood and shellac from insects. These are polymers – long chain molecules made out of monomers • Modern products are more man-made. Petrochemical – man-made out of petroleum. Eg: insulation, plastic, foam, fabrics like nylon, detergent, pesticides

  4. Ethene – builder molecule • C2H4 • Aka ethylene • Contains a double covalent bond • The double bond is very reactive • Ethene and water form ethyl alcohol • Addition reactions – adding a reactant onto double bond

  5. Addition Reactions, cont’d • Ethene can do an addition reaction with itself. • Makes polyethylene – contains 500 to 20,000 ethenes linked in a chain • Polyethylene is an example of an “addition polymer” • Other polymers are made from monomers like ethene: eg vinyl chloride to Polyvinylchloride (PVC)

  6. Polymers • Polymers can be long straight chains (like spagetti), branched, or cross-linked

  7. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1aAKG5qmT0

  8. Polymer Structure • Branched polymers – branches perpendicular to the main chain. • Linear polymer – do not connect • Cross linking – makes polymers more rigid, cross linked, can’t slide. • Ex. Soda bottle, soda bottle cap, which one has more cross linking?

  9. Beyond Alkanes • Saturated hydrocarbons – each carbon atom forms as many single covalent bonds. • Alkenes – double bonded • Alkynes – triple bonded • Alkanes – single bonded • Unsaturated hydrocarbons – carbon double bonded or tripled, does not have the max amt of hydrogen bonds.

  10. Substituted alkenes: Functional Groups • Ester –scented C • O - C = O • R = carbon chain • Alcohol • C – OH • Cycloalkanes – rings • Aromatic compounds – benzene, double bonded

  11. Carboxylic acids – C =O and - OH

  12. Sec. D Energy Alternatives to Petroleum • Biomolecules – organic molecules found in plants and animals. • Oilshale – petroleum from tar sands and oil shale rock. • Coalliquefaction – liquid fuel produced from coal. The present cost of mining and converting coal to liquid fuel is greater than that of producing the same quantity of fuel from petroleum.

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