Creating a Toolkit for Live Incident Response Data Acquisition and Tips for Better Timeline Analysis

1. Creating a Toolkit for Live Incident Response Data Acquisition and Tips for Better Timeline Analysis Jonathan Glassemail@jon.glass

2. Bio • Originally from Roanoke, VA. • Awesome Wife and Two Kids • Served 9 years in USAF doing mostly Ground Radio Maintenance and Tactical Satellite Communications. Dabbled in Windows Administration. • Started my civilian Computer Security career in 2009 • Network Security for Defense Commissary Agency • Information Assurance for  Defense Logistics Agency • Threat Analyst for Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond • Hopeless tinkerer, maker, and security professional. • MCSA,MCSE,S+,CEH,CNDA,CISSP,GCIH,GAWN

3. Disclaimer The Live Response Script presented here was prepared for this presentation to frame the discussion. Feel free to use it. While it is functional on this demo vm, I make no guarantees that it will work every time in every environment. Use at your own risk.

4. Disclaimer I do not claim to be an expert. This presentation is meant to be a discussion of possible techniques. If you know a better way to do something, shout it out. I would love to hear it.

5. Objectives • Motivation • How Live Response Data Collection Works • Drop script and tools on target • Run tools in correct order to collect artifacts • Securely send back to analysts. • General Guidelines for Live Response • An Overview of Artifacts to Collect • What to Grab • How to Grab It • What to Do with It • Forensic Timelines • How to create • Tips on Faster/Better Analysis and Summarization

6. Motivation • Building your own script is a great way to understand forensic artifacts/tools. • Adds context and verification of COTS tools • Gives analyst the ability to compare memory artifacts vs. live output vs. artifacts from the physical drive • Malware/rootkits may attempt to mask processes and falsify output of commands. Hard to falsify numerous sources of redunant info • Everything means something

7. Live Response vs. Memory Analysis • Memory Analysis is ideal for understanding the current state of the machine but… • Full Memory Dumps are Huge • Not uncommon to see 8GB or 16GB of RAM in a workstation. Takes time to dump, compress, and encrypt memory dumps to be sent over a network. • Solid State Drives are becoming the standard, even though they have far less capacity than HDDs. There might not be enough free space on the workstation to dump memory.

8. General Guidance for Live Response Scripts • Communication should be encrypted to and from target machine. • Tread Lightly – The smaller footprint you create on a remote machine, the less likely you are going to cause a business interruption. • Keep LR Packages small with only the tools you need. • Be concise. Do not generate any more files than what is absolutely necessary. • Get In, Grab Stuff, and Get Out – Avoid processing artifacts on the target machine. • Don’t connect to a Target machine directly from your workstation.

9. General Guidance for Live Response Scripts • Protect Privileged Domain Accounts during Live Response • Don’t use any kind of “Interactive Logon” • Interactive Logons store password hashes as cached credentials and in memory while you are logged on. • This includes “Run As” from the command line. • Use Temporary Admin Credentials • Reset account passwords after acquisition or everyday. • Limit the exposure of a compromised LR Account.

10. General Guidance for Live Response Scripts • Batch Programming, Visual Basic Scripting, and PowerShell are great native options to create Live Response Scripts • Stick to native solutions unless you are going to compile your Python, Ruby, Perl or whatever into a executable…every time you make a change. • Windows has a ton of built-in utilities for pulling a lot of forensically relevant information. Leverage those.

11. Live Response Data Collection Analyst Target 2. Creates Secure Channel & tells “Target” to Pull LR package 5. Runs Script 3. Pulls latest LR package 1. Investigate “Target” 4. Sends latest LR package 7. Analyst reviews info on Server 6. Target pushes LR Data back to Server Forensic Server

12. PsExec v2.1 • PsExec is a light-weight telnet-replacement that lets you execute processes on other systems, complete with full interactivity for console applications, without having to manually install client software.  • http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb897553.aspx • New with Ver 2.1 – March 7, 2014 • enables you to execute programs on remote systems without preinstalling an agent • encrypts *all*communication between local and remote systems. • including the transmission of command information such as the user name and password under which the remote program executes.

13. 7zip • 7-Zip is a open source file archiver with a high compression ratio. GUI and command line options. GNU LGPL license. • 7za.exe is the command line version • Can use AES256 GPG Encryption • High Compression is great for memory dumps and other large files.

14. PsExecv2.1 + 7zip = Encrypted Communication • Great way to transfer a collection package to a machine, run apps with as System, and collect data back to the analyst through a “secure” channel.

15. How this Example Script Works LiveResponse.bat CollectionScript.bat 7za.exe 127.0.0.1 TargetMachine.zip TargetMachine Processes Collected Data

16. An Overview of Artifacts to Collect What/Why To Collect How To Collect It What To Do With It

17. Artifacts to Collect • Artifact to Grab • Significance • Location on Target • Tools to Grab and/or Parse • Batch File Example

18. Protected or Locked Files • Significance • The majority of the files needed for analysis are locked, open, or protected. • Location • Everywhere • Method To Grab /Parse • VSS • Shadowcopy • http://www.runtime.org/shadow-copy.htm • *HoboCopy • http://hobocopy.cvs.sourceforge.net/viewvc/hobocopy/hobocopy/ • Low Level Disk Reading • *RawCopy • https://code.google.com/p/mft2csv/ • NTFSCopy • https://www.tzworks.net/prototype_page.php?proto_id=9 • FGET – HBGARY(old) • http://opensecurityresearch.com/files/FGET.zip

19. RawCopy • Compiled AutoIt Script • Console application that copy files off NTFS volumes by using low level disk reading method. • Will let you copy files that usually are not accessible because the system has locked them. For instance the registry hives like SYSTEM and SAM. Or files inside the "SYSTEM VOLUME INFORMATION". Or any file on the volume. • Works best with the MFT record number.

20. Protected or Locked Files Example: FOR /F "tokens=*" %%G IN ('dir /b /a C:\Users\') DO ( IF EXIST "C:\Users\%%G\NTUSER.DAT" ( MD C:\windows\temp\lrscript\collecteddata\Registry\%%G\ C:\windows\temp\lrscript\lrtools\rawcopy%ARC%.exe "C:\Users\%%G\NTUSER.DAT" "C:\windows\temp\lrscript\collecteddata\Registry\%%G\“))

21. Physical Memory • Significance • Running processes and services, open network connections, ARP cache, web history, running malware/Trojans, unpacked/decrypted versions of protected programs, system information (e.g. time lapsed since last reboot) ,information about logged in users, decryption keys for encrypted volumes mounted at the time of the capture, and much more. • Location on Target • \\.\PhysicalMemory • Method to Grab and Parse • Grab • WinDD • http://sourceforge.net/projects/windd/ • Dumpit • http://www.moonsols.com/wp-content/plugins/download-monitor/download.php?id=7 • *DD for Windows • http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages/coreutils.htm • Memoryze • https://www.mandiant.com/resources/download/memoryze • Parse • *Volatility - https://code.google.com/p/volatility/ • Redline - https://www.mandiant.com/resources/download/redline

22. Physical Memory REM **************BEGIN MEMORY DUMP************* echo Checking if there is enough free disk space to dump Memory FOR /F "tokens=*" %%G IN ('cscript /nologo C:\windows\temp\lrscript\lrtools\MemCheck.vbs') DO ( SETMEMGO=%%G IF%MEMGO:~0,4%== GOOD ( echoDumping Memory start/waitcmd /c "C:\Windows\Temp\lrscript\LRTools\MemoryDD.bat -output=C:\Windows\Temp\lrscript\CollectedData")ELSE (echo "NOT ENOUGH FREESPACE FOR MEMORY Dump")) REM Wait 30 seconds to give time for the memory dump to complete PING -n 31 127.0.0.1>nul REM **************END MEMORY DUMP*************

23. Running Processes • Significance • Critical to almost all investigations • Trivial to determine while online • Very hard to piece together offline • Locations on Target • Memory, Physical Disk, Removable Media • Method to Grab and/or Parse • List • WMIC.exe Process List Full • *Volatility - pslist,pstree,psscan,dlllist,handles • Grab • ProcDump • http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/dd996900 • *Volatility – procexedump

24. Running Processes • wmic process list full > C:\windows\temp\lrscript\collecteddata\processes\ProcessList.txt • C:\windows\temp\lrscript\lrtools\pslist.exe -t > C:\windows\temp\lrscript\collecteddata\processes\ProcessTree.txt • C:\windows\temp\lrscript\lrtools\handle.exe -asu> C:\windows\temp\lrscript\collecteddata\processes\Handles.txt

25. $MFT Master File Table • Significance • The single most important file in a NTFS file system. • Contains record of the logical/physical size/location for all files on a NTFS volume. • Contains metadata including: Created Date, Entry Modified Date, Accessed Date and Last Written Date. • Contains security permissions for each file. • Location on Target • Logical: ROOT:\$MFT • Physical: Location found the MBR(first 512 bytes of on Volume) • Method to Grab and Parse • Need to be running with system level privs to gain direct access to $MFT • Use *RunAsSystemhttps://code.google.com/p/mft2csv/or • PsExechttp://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb897553 • Grab: • *RawCopyhttps://code.google.com/p/mft2csv/ • *MFTDumper.py - https://github.com/Kvetch/Kludge-Collector/blob/master/collector/mftfinder.py • Parse: • *AnalyzeMFT • https://github.com/dkovar/analyzeMFT • *ntfswalk • https://code.google.com/p/mft2csv/

26. $MFT Master File Table REM **************BEGIN MFT DUMP************* echo Running fls-live.exe to grab MFT data from all NTFS drives connected to the system. FOR /F "tokens=*" %%A IN ('cscript /nologo C:\windows\temp\lrscript\lrtools\ListOfLocalDrives.vbs') DO ( SET "BAM=%%A" start /waitcmd /c "C:\windows\temp\lrscript\lrtools\fls-live.exe %%A\ >> C:\Windows\Temp\lrscript\collecteddata\TimelineFiles\fls-bodyfile.txt" mkdir C:\Windows\Temp\lrscript\collecteddata\MFT\%BAM:~0,1%\ start /waitcmd /c "C:\windows\temp\lrscript\lrtools\rawcopy%ARC%.exe %BAM:~0,1%:0 C:\Windows\Temp\lrscript\collecteddata\MFT\%BAM:~0,1%\ ) REM **************END MFT DUMP*************

27. Registry • Significance: • Hierarchical “database” that contains system configuration information, and tracks a great deal of system and user activity. Much of that activity has some form of time stamp associated with it. • Location on Target • System • C:\Windows\system32\config • C:\Windows\system32\config\RegBack • User • C:\Users\user\NTUSER.DAT • C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\USRCLASS.DAT • Method to Grab and Parse • Grab • locked file utilities • Parse • RegRipper • Volatility • hivescan,hivelist,printkey,hivedump,hashdump,lsadump,userassist • Python • https://github.com/williballenthin/python-registry

28. Registry • Significance: • Hierarchical “database” that contains system configuration information, and tracks a great deal of system and user activity. Much of that activity has some form of time stamp associated with it. • Location on Target • System • C:\Windows\system32\config • C:\Windows\system32\config\RegBack • User • C:\Users\user\NTUSER.DAT • C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\USRCLASS.DAT • Method to Grab and Parse • Grab • Locked file utilities • Export using Reg • Parse • RegRipper • Volatility • hivescan,hivelist,printkey,hivedump,hashdump,lsadump,userassist • Python • https://github.com/williballenthin/python-registry

29. Registry FOR /F "tokens=*" %%G IN ('dir /b /a C:\Users\') DO ( IF EXIST "C:\Users\%%G\NTUSER.DAT" ( MD C:\windows\temp\lrscript\collecteddata\Registry\%%G\ C:\windows\temp\lrscript\lrtools\rawcopy%ARC%.exe "C:\Users\%%G\NTUSER.DAT" "C:\windows\temp\lrscript\collecteddata\Registry\%%G\")) for%%i in (SAM SECURITY SOFTWARE SYSTEM DEFAULT COMPONENTS BCD-TEMPLATE) do (C:\windows\temp\lrscript\lrtools\rawcopy%ARC%.exe C:\WINDOWS\system32\config\%%i C:\windows\temp\lrscript\collecteddata\Registry\) c:\windows\system32\reg.exe export HKLM C:\windows\temp\lrscript\collecteddata\Registry\hklm.reg c:\windows\system32\reg.exe export HKCU C:\windows\temp\lrscript\collecteddata\Registry\hkcu.reg c:\windows\system32\reg.exe export HKCR C:\windows\temp\lrscript\collecteddata\Registry\hkcr.reg c:\windows\system32\reg.exe export HKU C:\windows\temp\lrscript\collecteddata\Registry\hku.reg c:\windows\system32\reg.exe export HKCC C:\windows\temp\lrscript\collecteddata\Registry\hkcc.reg

30. Index.dat • Significance • The cache INDEX.DAT file is a database of cache entries.  It holds information relating to individual cached items so that the browser can check whether the resource needs to be updated (eTag) and information relating to the location of the cached item. • Location on Target • C:\Users\user\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Cookies\index.dat • C:\Users\user\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Cookies\Low\index.dat • C:\Users\user\Local\Microsoft\Windows\History\History.IE5\index.dat • C:\Users\user\Local\Microsoft\Windows\History\History.IE5\Low\index.dat • C:\Users\user\Local\Microsoft\Windows\History\History.IE5\index.dat\MSHistXXXXXXXXXXX\index.dat • C:\Users\user\Local\Microsoft\Windows\History\History.IE5\Low\index.dat\MSHistXXXXXXXXXXX\index.dat • C:\Users\user\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Temporary Internet Files\Content.IE5\index.dat • C:\Users\user\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Temporary Internet Files\Low\Content.IE5index.dat • C:\Users\user\Roaming\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\UserData\index.dat • C:\Users\user\Roaming\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\UserData\Low\index.dat

31. Index.dat • Grab • Assume they are locked. • Parse • Perl - http://search.cpan.org/~ishigaki/Win32-UrlCache-0.06/lib/Win32/UrlCache.pm • id - https://tzworks.net/prototype_page.php?proto_id=6

32. Index.dat and other web history files echo Grabbing Browser History Files SetFilesToGrab=index.dat,*.dat,urlclassifier3.sqlite,index.sqlite,addons.sqlite,chromeappsstore.sqlite,content-prefs.sqlite,cookies.sqlite, downloads.sqlite,extensions.sqlite,permissions.sqlite,places.sqlite,search.sqlite,signons.sqlite,webappsstore.sqlite for%%X in ("%FilesToGrab:,=" "%") do ( for /f "tokens=*" %%a in ('dir /s /a /b c:\%%X') do ( for /f "tokens=*" %%b in ('cscript /nologo C:\windows\temp\lrscript\lrtools\recursionPath.vbs "%%a"') do ( mkdir"C:\windows\temp\lrscript\collecteddata\WebHistory%%b" C:\windows\temp\lrscript\lrtools\rawcopy%ARC%.exe "%%a" "C:\windows\temp\lrscript\collecteddata\WebHistory%%b" ) ) )

33. Journal • Significance • The change journal is a component of NTFS that will, when enabled, record changes made to files and folders. The change journal records time of the change, affected file/directory, change type (eg. delete, rename, size extend, etc) • Location on Target • [root]\$Extend\$UsnJrnl:$J • $J is an alternate data stream • Method to Grab and Parse • Grab • Locked File • Parse • Windows Journal Parser • https://github.com/jschicht/LogFileParser

34. Journal FOR/F "tokens=*" %%A IN ('cscript /nologo C:\windows\temp\lrscript\lrtools\ListOfLocalDrives.vbs') DO (FOR /F "tokens=*" %%B IN ('C:\windows\temp\lrscript\lrtools\ifind.exe -n /$Extend/$UsnJrnl:$J \\.\%%A:') DO (C:\windows\temp\lrscript\lrtools\rawcopy%ARC%.exe%%A:%%B C:\Windows\Temp\lrscript\collecteddata\MFT\ ))

35. Event Logs • Significance • Application, System, and Security • Location on Target • C:\Windows\system32\config • Method to Grab and Parse • Grab • Locked File • Parse • GrokEVT is a set of forensics scripts designed to make sense of EVT logs for investigations. Along with RegLookup, it is able to combine registry information and event log templates to place EVT data in context. • python-etvx • http://www.williballenthin.com/evtx/ • LogParser • http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/scriptcenter/dd919274.aspx • Windows Event Log Parser (evtwalk) • https://tzworks.net/prototype_page.php?proto_id=25

36. Network Info • Significance • Current TCP and UDP connections are extremely important to document while the machine is running. • Very hard to piece together after the fact without external logs. • Location on Target • Memory

37. Network Info • Method to Grab and Parse • Grab • “netstat -anto & wmic process get ProcessID,Name,CommandLine >netcon.txt” • a  Displays all connections and listening ports. • n Displays addresses and port numbers in numerical form. • t   Displays the current connection offload state. • o  Displays the owning process ID associated with each connection. • Volatility • connections, connscan, sockets, netscan

38. Prefetch • Significance • Designed to boost the startup process of frequently launched applications • Name of the executable, Unicode itemizations of the DLLs that the executable requires to function, Timestamp of when the application was last launched, a count of the times that the executable has ran. • Location on Target • %SystemRoot%\Prefetch\*.pf • Method to Grab and Parse • Grab • Just copy them. • Parse • Windows Prefetch Parser (pf)- https://tzworks.net/prototype_page.php?proto_id=1

39. LNK Files • Significance • Created Date, Last Written Date, Last Accessed Date, Full Path, Command Line, occasionally the MAC address • Location on Target • %APPDATA%\ Microsoft\ Windows\ Recent\ • %APPDATA%\Roaming\Microsoft\Office\Recent\ • Desktop, etc... • Method to Grab and Parse • Windows LNK Parsing Utility (lp) -https://tzworks.net/prototype_page.php?proto_id=11 • “dir /s /b C:\users\*.lnk | LP -pipe -csv >> results.csv” • LNK Parser - https://code.google.com/p/lnk-parser/

40. USB Activity • Significance • Entry vector for bad stuff • Exfil vector • Location on Target • HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Enum\USBSTOR • HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Enum\USB • C:\Windows\inf\setupapi.dev.log • NTUSER.DAT\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\MountPoints2 • Method to Grab and Parse • Grab C:\Windows\inf\setupapi.dev.log and Registry Files

41. Recycle Bin • Significance • Many cases routinely require examination of Recycle Bin • Malware often operate from the Recycle Bin • People delete stuff. • $I files • Bytes 0-7: $I File header "01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00". • Bytes 8-15: Original file size – stored in hex, in little-endian. • Bytes 16-23: Deleted date/time stamp – represented in number of seconds since Midnight, January 1, 1601. • Bytes 24-543: Original file path/name. • Location on Target • c:\$Recycle.Bin\%SID% • %SID% is the SID of the user who deleted the file • Method to Grab and Parse • recbin.pl - Harlan Carvey • https://winforensicaanalysis.googlecode.com/files/wfa3e.zip

42. Anti-Virus Logs/Quarantined Files • Significance • Logs give timestamps of last virus subscription update, last scan, virus/quarantine activity • Quarantined files are potentially malicious samples that have been rendered inert. • Location on Target • Application Logs • Vendor Specific • Method to Grab and Parse • Vendor Specific

43. Not an Exhaustive List Add anything that you might find useful.

44. Now We Put It All Together • DEMO!

45. “Super” Timeline Creation

46. Super Timeline? • Grab any relevant log that has a timestamp • Make sure they all are on the same time zone (local vs. UTC) and format (YYYY/MM/DD hh:mm:ss) • Put them all in the one big file • Sort

47. Setting up Your Machine for Command Line Timeline Analysis

48. Useful Tools For Command Line Timeline Analysis • Linux or OSX command line If you absolutely must use Windows for timeline analysis… • GnuWin • GnuWin provides ports of tools with a GNU or similar open source license, to modern MS-Windows (Microsoft Windows 2000 / XP / 2003 / Vista / 2008 / 7) • http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages.html

49. Useful GnuWin Packages • Grep - searches one or more input files for lines containing a match to a specified pattern. • http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages/grep.htm • CoreUtils - collection of basic file, shell and text manipulation utilities • http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages/coreutils.htm • Includes a ton of really useful timeline analysis commands like cat,cut,fold,head,join,nl,sort,tac,uniq,wc and a few others. • Many of these tools are also included in the Kludge source files

50. Make a Tools Folder and Update Path • The %PATH% variable should be updated on regular and elevated accounts if you are going to use either for timeline analysis. • Always append your Tools folder to the END of your PATH. Do not prepend to the beginning.