1 / 58

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM. WHEN A REACTION IS AT EQUILIBRIUM, BOTH THE FORWARD AND REVERSE REACTIONS ARE OCCURING AT THE SAME RATE. CONCENTRATION REMAINS CONSTANT AT EQUILIBRIUM. …..BECAUSE REACTANTS ARE BEING USED UP TO PRODUCE PRODUCTS AT THE SAME RATE THAT PRODUCTS ARE BEING USED UP

chad
Download Presentation

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

  2. WHEN A REACTION IS AT EQUILIBRIUM, BOTH THE FORWARD AND REVERSE REACTIONS ARE OCCURING AT THE SAME RATE.

  3. CONCENTRATION REMAINS CONSTANT AT EQUILIBRIUM …..BECAUSE REACTANTS ARE BEING USED UP TO PRODUCE PRODUCTS AT THE SAME RATE THAT PRODUCTS ARE BEING USED UP TO PRODUCE THE REACTANTS.

  4. Kc or Keq or KPare EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS. THEY SHOW A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS IN A REACTION. CONCENTRATIONS ARE GIVEN IN MOLARITY [ ]. FOR THE REACTION: aA + bB D cC + dD Keq= [C]c [D]d NOTE, PRODUCTS OVER [A]a [B]b REACTANTS.

  5. N2O4 (g)D 2 NO2 (g) When the reactant, N2O4 is put in an evacuated container at 100 oC, it decomposes to NO2. In the beginning only NO2 is formed, but as soon as it forms, it begins going back to forming N2O4. Eventually, the rate of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. Thus, the reaction has reached equilibrium. The following data and diagram depict this reaction at equilibrium.

  6. Time (s) 0 20 40 60 80 100 Conc. N2O4 (M) 0.100 0.070 0.050 0.040 0.040 0.040 Conc. NO2 (M) 0.000 0.060 0.100 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.120 NO2 0.100 Conc(M) 0.040 N2O4 0.000 0 20 Time (s) 60

  7. Regardless of quantities of reactants or products started with • Regardless of pressure • Regardless of volume • THE RATIO OF PRODUCTS TO REACTANTS WILL BE A CONSTANT AT EQUILIBRIUM AT ANY GIVEN TEMPERATURE. EX. [NO2 ]2 [N2O4 ] Exp 1. [NO2 ]2 [N2O4 ] = (0.120)2 / 0.040 = 0.36 Exp 2. [NO2 ]2 [N2O4 ] = (0.072)2 / 0.014 = 0.37 Exp. 3. [NO2 ]2 [N2O4 ] = (0.160)2 / 0.070 = 0.36 But if temp. is increased to 150 oCthe Keq = 3.2

  8. AN EQUILIBRIUM EXPRESSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH A REACTION N2O4 (g)D 2 NO2 (g) Keq = [NO2]2 / [N2O4] = 0.36 ½ N2O4 (g)D NO2 (g) Keq = [NO2] / [N2O4]1/2 = (0.36)1/2 = 0.60 2 NO2 (g) DN2O4 (g)Keq = [N2O4] / [NO2]2 = 1 / 0.36 = 2.8

  9. PURE LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THE EQUILIBRIUM EXPRESSION • CO2(g) + H2(g)D CO(g) + H2O( l ) • Keq = [CO] • [H2 ][CO2] • I2(s)D 2 I(g) Keq = [I ]2

  10. CuO(s) + H2(g)D Cu(s) + H2O(g) Keq = [H2O] [H2] NOTICE THAT THE SOLIDS ARE NOT PRESENT IN THE EQUILIBRIUM EXPRESSION.

  11. CALCULATE Keq FOR THE FOLLOWING REACTION: NH4Cl (s)D NH3(g) + HCl(g) 2 moles of NH3 and 2 moles of HCl and 1 mole of NH4Cl are in 5.0 L at equilibrium. Keq = [NH3][HCl] [HCl] = 2MOLES 5.0 L = 0.4M [NH3] = 2MOLES 5.0 L = 0.4M Keq = 0.4 x 0.4 = 0.16

  12. FOR THE FOLLOWING REACTION: 2HI(g)D H2(g) + I2(g) STARTING WITH 0.100M HI, AND THEN AT EQUILIBRIUM, [H2] = 0.010 M. CALCULATE [I2], [HI], AND Keq. SOLUTION: AT THE START, H2 ANDI2 ARE ZERO AND ARE ALSO A 1:1 RATIO. THEY WILL HAVE THE SAME MOLAR CONC. 2 [HI] = [H2] THAT IS, 2 [HI]ARE REQUIRED TO MAKE ONE [H2]. SO WHATEVER THE [H2] IS, THE [HI] IS DECREASING BY DOUBLE THAT AMOUNT. THEREFORE, 0.010 [H2] x 2 = 0.020M DECREASE IN [HI], THEREFORE, 0.100 [HI] – 0.020 = 0.080M [HI] AT EQUILIBRIUM. CONTINUED…….

  13. Keq= [I2][H2][HI]2 = (0.010) (0.010) (0.080)2 Keq= 0.016 • Why do we care about the equilibrium constant? • IT SHOWS TO WHAT EXTENT A REACTION WILL PROCEED. • IT SHOWS THE DOMINATING DIRECTION IN WHICH THE REACTION WILL GO TO REACH EQUILIBRIUM. • IT SHOWS THE CONCENTRATIONS OF SPECIES PRESENT AT EQUILIBRIUM.

  14. FOR N2O4(g)D 2NO2(g) Keq = 0.36 • CALCULATE THE QUOTIENT OF PRODUCTS TO REACTANTS (Q) AND DETERMINE THE DIRECTION THE REACTION WILL SHIFT TO REACH EQUILIBRIUM FOR THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS: • 0.20 MOLE / 4.0 L N2O4= 0.05 M • 0.20 MOLE / 4.0 L N2O4AND 0.20 MOLE / 4.0 L NO2 • Solution for part a: Q = 02 = 0, Q < K THEREFORE THE REACTION 0.05 WILL SHIFT TO THE RIGHT.

  15. b) 0.20 MOLE / 4.0 L N2O4 = 0.05 M 0.20 MOLE / 4.0 L NO2 = 0.05 M Q = 0.052 = 0.05 < 0.36 therefore the reaction 0.05 proceeds to the right

  16. WE HAVE USED Keq, THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT, WHICH SHOWS THE RATIO OF THE PRODUCTS TO THE REACTANTS AT EQUILIBRIUM. WE KNOW THAT Kc REPRESENTS MOLAR CONCENTRATIONS OF SPECIES AT EQUILIBRIUM AND Kp REPRESENTS THE RATIO OF PARTIAL PRESSURES OF GASES AT EQUILIBRIUM. THE REACTION QUOTIENT, Q, IS LIKE K BUT IT IS NOT NECESSARILY AT EQUILIBRIUM. COMPARING IT TO K IS A WAY IN WHICH WE MAY DETERMINE THE DIRECTION IN WHICH THE REACTION WILL PROCEED IN ORDER TO RE-ESTABLISH OR REACH EQUILIBRIUM.

  17. Q < K……………………. Q > K……………………. Q = K……………………. DGo < 0, LnK > 0, K>1 DGo > 0, LnK < 0, K<1 DGo = 0, LnK = 0, K=1 REACTION SHIFTS RIGHT REACTION SHIFTS LEFT REACTION AT EQUILIBRIUM EQUILIBRIUM MIXTURE IS MOSTLY PRODUCTS EQUILIBRIUM MIXTURE IS MOSTLY REACTANTS EQUILIBRIUM MIXTURE HAS COMPARABLE AMOUNTS OF REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS RELATIONSHIPS OF K, Q, AND DGo

  18. EXAMPLE: At the start of a reaction there are the following species in a 3.50 L reaction vessel at 430 oC: 0.0218 mole H2 , 0.0145 mole I2 , 0.0783 mole HI. Kc = 54.3. Determine if the system is at equilibrium and if not, determine the direction in which it will proceed. H2(g) + I2(g)D 2 HI(g) [H2] = 0.0218 mol / 3.50 L = 0.00623 M [I2] = 0.0145 mol / 3.50 L = 0.00414 M [HI] = 0.0783 mol / L = 0.0224 M Q = 0.02242 = 19.5Q < K therefore the reaction shifts 0.00414 x 0.00623 RIGHT

  19. GIVEN THE REACTION; N2 (g) + O2 (g)D 2 NO(g) Keq = [NO]2 = 1 x 10-30 at 25oC [N2] [O2] IN ORDER FOR Keq TO BE THAT SMALL, THE NUMERATOR MUST BE SMALL COMPARED TO THE DENOMINATOR. THIS MEANS THAT [NO] << [N2] [O2]. THEREFORE, THIS Keq SHOWS VERY LITTLE PRODUCTIONOF PRODUCTS (THE NO). IT IS NOT A FEASABLE REACTION. WE CAN CALCULATE THE [NO] , GIVEN [N2] = 0.040 M AND [O2] = 0.010 M Keq = 1 x 10 –30 = [NO]2 = 4 x 10-34 = [NO]2 (0.010)(0.040) 2 x 10-12 = [NO]

  20. Example: FOR THE FOLLOWING REACTION, WHERE Keq = 0.64 AT 900K, AND TO START THE REACTION, CO2AND H2 ARE BOTH 0.10 M, WHAT ARE THE EQUILIBRIUM CONCENTRATIONS OF ALL SPECIES? CO2 (g) + H2 (g)D CO(g) + H2O(g) CHOOSE A SPECIES TO CALL ‘X’ AND DETERMINE INITIAL AND FINAL CONCENTRATIONS. CO2 H2 CO H2O INITIAL 0.10 0.10 0 0 CHANGE -X -X +X +X FINAL 0.10-X 0.10-X X X continued…………..

  21. 0.64 = x2 (0.64)1/2 = x (0.10 – x)2 0.10 – x X = 0.044 M [CO2] = 0.100 – 0.044 = 0.056 = [H2] [CO] = 0.044 = [H2O] USING THE SAME EQUATION AND Keq, BUT WITH CO2 = 0.100 M AND H2 = 0.200 M, CALCULATE THE EQUILIBRIUM CONCENTRATIONS. 0.64 = x2 = x2 (0.200 – x) (0.100 – x) (0.0200 – 0.200x – 0.100x + x2) Using thequadratic equation, [ x ]= 0.0524M = [CO] = [H2O] 0.10 – 0.0524 = 0.0476 = [CO2] , 0.200 – 0.0524 = 0.148 = [H2]

  22. Example: N2 O4(g)D 2NO2 (g)Kc = 0.36 at 100.oC And starting concentration of N2 O4 = 0.100 M What are the equilibrium concentrations of [NO2] and [N2O4] ? N2 O4 NO2 INITIAL 0.100 0.000 CHANGE -X +2X FINAL 0.100 – X 2X Kc = (2X)2 = 4X2 0.100 - X 0.100 – X 4X2 – 0.35 X + 0.036 = 0 , USING THE QUADRATIC EQUATION; X = 0.060, 2X = 0.120 M = [NO2], 0.100 – 0.060 = 0.040 = [N2O4]

  23. THE EFFECT OF CHANGES IN CONDITIONS ON A SYSTEM AT EQUILIBRIUM • WHEN CONDITIONS ARE CHANGED ON A SYSTEM AT EQUILIBRIUM, THE EQUILIBRIUM IS DISRUPTED AND THE CONCENTRATIONS MAY CHANGE. • SOME THINGS THAT CAN DISRUPT EQUILIBRIUM: • ADDING OR REMOVING REACTANT OR PRODUCT. • CHANGING THE VOLUME OF THE SYSTEM • CHANGING THE TEMPERATURE • To determine the direction the equilibrium will shift, we apply LeChatelier’s principle. We calculate Kc to determine the concentrations, as before.

  24. Example: GIVEN THAT Kc = 0.016 at 520 oC AND CONCENTRATION OF [HI] = 0.080 M AND [ I2] = [H2] = 0.010 MAt EQUILIBRIUM, WHAT WOULD THE NEW CONCENTRATIONS BE WHEN EQUILIBRIUM IS RESTORED, IF THE [HI] IS TEMPRORARILY RAISED TO 0.096 M? INITIAL CONCENTRATIONS ARE THOSE IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING THE DISRUPTION IN EQUILIBRIUM: 2HI D H2 + I2 [HI] [I2] [H2] INITIAL 0.096 M 0.010 M 0.010 M CHANGE -2X +X +X FINAL 0.096 – 2X 0.010 + X 0.010 + X

  25. Kc = 0.016 = (0.010 + X)(0.010 + X) = (0.010 + X)2 (0.096 – 2X)2 (0.096 – 2X)2 (0.016)1/2 = 0.010 + X 0.096 – 2X 0.126 = 0.010 + X ALGEBRA TIME 0.096 – 2X X = 0.0017 M [H2] = 0.010 + 0.0017 = 0.0117 M [I2] = 0.010 + 0.0017 = 0.0117 M [HI] = 0.096 – 2(0.0017) = 0.0926 M NOTE: THIS VALUE IS BETWEEN THE STARTING CONC., 0.080 AND HIGH VALUE OF 0.096. THIS MAKES SENSE!

  26. ALWAYS CHECK THAT ANSWERS MAKE SENSE WHEN YOU COMPLETE A PROBLEM! EQUILIBRIUM OF A SYSTEM CAN ONLY BE DISRUPTED BY ADDING OR REMOVING SPECIES IF THAT SPECIES APPEARS IN THE EQUILIBRIUM EXPRESSION. REMEMBER, SOLIDS AND PURE LIQUIDS ARE NOT INCLUDED IN EQUILIBRIUM EXPRESSIONS. example CaCO3 (s)D CaO(s) + CO2(g) Kc = [CO2] THEREFORE, ADDING AND REMOVING CaCO3(s) or CaO(s) DOES NOT AFFECT EQUILIBRIUM.

  27. VOLUME CHANGES AND THE EFFECT ON EQUILIBRIUM N2O4(g)D 2NO2 (g) NOTE THAT THERE ARE TWO MOLES OF GAS ON THE RIGHT AND ONE MOLE OF GAS ON THE LEFT. LETS DETERMINE WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF THE VOLUME OF THE CONTAINER IS DECREASED, (PRESSURE INCREASED), OR THE VOLUME OF THE CONTAINER IS INCREASED, (PRESSURE DECREASED). WE WILL USE LeCHATELIER’SPRINCIPLE TO DETERMINE THE SHIFT. WE TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION THE NUMBER OF GAS PARTICLES ON THE LEFT COMPARED WITH THE NUMBER ON THE RIGHT.

  28. N2O4(g)D 2NO2 (g) IF THE PRESSURE IS INCREASED, (VOLUME DECREASED), THERE WILL BEAN INCREASE IN GAS PARTICLES PER UNIT VOLUME. THEREFORE THE REACTION WILL SHIFT IN THE DIRECTION TO DECREASE GAS PARTICLES. SINCE THE RIGHT HAS TWICE AS MANY PARTICLES AS THE LEFT, THE REACTION WILL SHIFT LEFT(TOWARD THE LESSER MOLES OF GAS. THUS, NO2 WILL FORM MORE N2O4. THE OPPOSITE WILL OCCUR IF THE PRESSURE IS DECREASED AND THE VOLUME INCREASED.

  29. AFFECTS OF PRESSURE ON EQUILIBRIUM  = N2O4 Ä = NO2 2NO2 N2O4 ā  Ä Ä Ä  Ä Ä    Ä   Ä   Ä Ä  Ä Ä    Ä Ä THESE CHANGES IN CONCENTRATION CAN BE CALCULATED AS BEFORE.

  30. Example Predict the direction of the shift in the reaction: • When the volume is increased • When the pressure is increased • C(s) + H2O(g)D CO(g) + H2(g) • SO2(g) + ½ O2(g)D SO3(g) 1a. 2 MOLES OF GAS ON THE RIGHT AND ONE ON THE LEFT, THEREFORE, SHIFTS RIGHT. 1b. AN INCREASE IN PRESSURE RESULTS IN A SHIFT TO THE LEFT, TOWARD THE LESSER MOLES OF GAS. 2a. A DECREASE IN PRESSURE, SO A SHIFT TO THE LEFT 2b. AN INCREASE IN PRESSURE CAUSES A RIGHT SHIFT.

  31. PRESSURE INCREASE = SHIFT TOWARD LESSER MOLES OF GAS. (TO DECREASE THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES) PRESSURE DECREASE = SHIFT TOWARD GREATER MOLES OF GAS. (INCREASES THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES)

  32. WE CAN INCREASED PRESSURE TO A SYSTEM AT EQUILIBRIUM BY ADDING ANOTHER GAS WHILE AT CONSTANT VOLUME. IF WE ADD A GAS, AT CONSTANT VOLUME, THAT IS UNREACTIVE TO OUR SYSTEM AT EQUILIBRIUM, THE PRESSURE WILL INCREASE, BUT THERE WILL BE NO SHIFT IN EQUILIBRIUM. WE CAN INCREASE PRESSURE TO A SYSTEM AT EQUILIBRIUM BY ADDING ANOTHER GAS WHILE AT CONSTANT VOLUME.

  33. HOW WOULD YOU INCREASE THE YIELD OF NO2 IN THE FOLLOWING REACTION: NO(g) + ½ O2(g)D NO2(g) • INCREASE PRESSURE BY COMPRESSION? • INCREASE VOLUME? • ADD AN INERT GAS? THE ANSWER IS ‘a’. AN INCREASE IN PRESSURE WILL RESULT IN A SHIFT TOWARD THE LESSER MOLES OF GAS.

  34. THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE CHANGE ON A SYSTEM AT EQUILIBRIUM. ACCORDING TO LeCHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE, IF TEMPERATURE IS INCREASED ON A SYSTEM AT EQUILIBRIUM, THE REACTION WILL SHIFT IN A DIRECTION TO COUNTERACT AND THUS ABSORB THE HEAT.

  35. IF THE REACTION IS ENDOTHERMIC, THAT IS, ONE THAT ABSORBS HEAT, INCREASING TEMPERATURE WILL CAUSE A SHIFT FARTHER TO THE RIGHT. IF THE REACTION IS EXOTHERMIC, THAT IS, ONE THAT EXPELLS HEAT, AN INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE WILL CAUSE THE REACTION TO SHIFT IN THE DIRECTION THAT ABSORBS HEAT, WHICH IS A SHIFT TO THE LEFT.

  36. N2O4(g)D2NO2(g) DH = +58.2KJ WHAT EFFECT WILL AN INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE HAVE ON THIS SYSTEM? THE REACTION WILL SHIFT RIGHT TO ABSORB THE EXCESS HEAT. N2O4(g)D 2NO2(g) DH = -58.2KJ HOW WOULD A TEMPERATURE INCREASE AFFECT THIS SYSTEM AT EQUILIBRIUM? SINCE THIS REACTION IS EXOTHERMIC, A TEMPERATURE INCREASE WILL CAUSE A SHIFT TO THE LEFT.

  37. IF THE REACTION ISENDOTHERMIC, KcBECOMES LARGERWITH A TEMPERATURE INCREASE. (A SHIFT TO THE RIGHT CAUSES ANINCREASE INTHE PRODUCTION OFPRODUCTS. IF THE REACTION IS EXOTHERMIC, THE REACTION WILL SHIFT LEFTWITH A TEMPERATURE INCREASE, THEREBY DECREASING THE PRODUCTS AND SO Kc ALSO DECREASES.

  38. Example I2(g)D 2I(g) DH = + 151 KJ • If this system is at equilibrium at 1000 oC, what directional shifts would occur when: • I atoms are added • The system is compressed • The temperature is increased • Which of these would affect Kc if any, and what would be the affect?

  39. If I atoms were added the reaction would shift left to use up the excess I atoms. • If the system was compressed the reaction would shift left toward the lesser moles of gas. • If the temperature was increased the reaction would shift in the direction that absorbs heat, which in this case is right because it is an endothermic reaction. • The temperature increase would cause an increase in Kc because the rightward shift increases the production of products.

  40. The Relationship of Kc and Kp Kc refers to solutions with concentration expressed in Molarity. Kp refers to gases with concentration expressed as partial pressures. For example: Kp = (PNO2)2 PN2O4 Terms for pure liquids or solids do not appear in the expressions for Kp or Kc. Kp and Kc have different numeric values.

  41. For example; For the reaction: N2O4(g)D2NO2(g) At 100 oC Kc = 0.36 Kp = 11 At 150 oC Kc = 3.2 Kp = 110

  42. TO RELATE Kp TO Kc WE HAVE TO HAVE A RELATIONSHIP FOR PARTIAL PRESSURE AND MOLARITY. MOLARITY = n / V AND FROM THE IDEAL GAS LAW, PA = n RT V THEREFORE, AT EQUILIBRIUM, PA =[A] x RT (because [A ] = n/V)

  43. Example N2O4(g)D2NO2(g) Kp = (PNO2)2 PN2O4 SO, Kp = [NO2]2 x (RT)2 [N2O4] x (RT) = [NO2]2 x RT [N2O4] And since, Kc = [NO2]2 [N2O4] THEN, Kp = Kc x RT FOLLOWING IS A GENERAL EQUATION WHICH IS VALID FOR ALL SYSTEMS:

  44. Kp = Kc x (RT) Dng Where Dng = the change in moles of gas from products to reactants. (moles gaseous products – moles gaseous reactants).

  45. Dng = 2 – 1 = 1 Example N2O4(g)D2NO2(g N2(g) + 3 H2(g)D2 NH3(g) Dng = 2 – 4 = -2 At 300 oCKc = 9.5 for the following reaction: N2(g) + 3 H2(g)D2 NH3(g) Calculate Kp. T = 573 K, Dng= 2 – 4 = -2 Kp = Kc (RT)-2 , Kp = 9.5 = 4.3 x 10 –3 (0.0821 x 573)2

  46. Calculate Kp at 520 oC for the following: Example Dng = 2 – 2 = 0 2HI(g)DH2(g) + I2(g) T = 793 K Kc = 0.016 Solution: Kp = 0.016 (RT)0 = 0.016

  47. THE RELATIONSHIP OF FREE ENERGY (DG), AND K THE STANDARD, GIBBS FREE ENERGY IS REPRESENTED BY THE SYMBOL, DG0. (TO BE COVERED IN DEPTH IN THE THERMODYNAMICS CHAPTER). THE EQUATIONS THAT RELATE FREE ENERGY TO K ARE, DGO = - RT(ln K) AND DG = DGO + RT(ln K)

  48. THE STANDARD FREE ENERGY, DGO CAN BE CALCULATED IN MUCH THE SAME WAY AS DH, USING THERMODYNAMIC TABLES. DGo = SDGOproducts - SDGOreactants VALUES FOR THE STANDARD FREE ENERGY, DGO, ARE TAKEN TO BE AT 1 atm PRESSURE AND R= 8.314 J/MOLE K, AND TEMP. IN KELVIN. A NEGATIVE VALUE FOR DGO INDICATES A SPONTANEOUS REACTION.

  49. USING THE EQUATION, DGO = - RT (lnK) , YOU CAN SEE THAT IF DGO IS NEGATIVE, THEN lnK IS POSITIVE AND K>1. THE REACTION PROCEEDS IN THE FORWARD DIRECTION. IF DGO IS POSITIVE, THEN lnK IS NEGATIVE AND K<1 SO THE REVERSE REACTION PROCEEDS SPONTANEOUSLY. IF DGO = 0 , lnK = 0 AND K = 1. THE REACTION IS AT EQUILIBRIUM. THEREFORE A LARGE+K MEANS A FORWARD REACTION THAT WILL GO TO COMPLETION.

  50. Calculate K at 25 oC given the following: Example a. DGO = -40.0 KJ/mol, T = 298 K b. DGO = + 40.0 KJ/mol, T = 298 K • -40.0 KJ/mol =( - 0.008314 KJ/mol K) (298K) lnk • 16.1 = ln k, e16.1 = k, 1.03 x 107 = k • Note the large + k, and the negative DGO • + 40.0 = - 0.008314 ( 298K) ln k • 9.7 x 10 –8 = k note the + DGO and the k<1

More Related