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Advanced C1 – C2. Joining. Grammar Forces. Modal Verbs Practice - Testing. There are 8 Modal/ Auxiliary verbs in English. How are Modal Verbs constructed in a sentence?. Modal Verb. Bare Infinitive. Can Modal Verbs be found with the other time forms of the bare infinitive?.
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Advanced C1 – C2 Joining Grammar Forces
How are Modal Verbs constructed in a sentence? Modal Verb Bare Infinitive
Can Modal Verbs be found with the other time forms of the bare infinitive? Yes. So we can have: Simple Bare Infinitive present/ future Continuous Bare Inf. Modal Verbs Perfect Bare Inf. past Perf. Cont. Bare Inf.
Function = a label on everyday situations and on the type of language we use in them e.g. asking sb to do sth for us / for a favour Label: REQUEST, Language: Can you/ could you/ I was wondering if you could/ Will you/ Would you/ Would it be possible for you to, etc
There is no polite plural in English. So, we use functional language (with modal verbs and other expressions) to cover for its lack.
The kind of functional language we use depends on 4 considerations. • They are: • Speakers’ relationship • Speakers’ roles • Setting • Topic
Modal Verbs, Other Defective Structures & their FunctionsPractice - Testing
What language does the function ARRANGEMENTS employ? I am to do I was to do I was to have done
What language does the function HABITS employ? Will do Would do Used to do
What language do the functions NECESSITY/ ABSENCE OF NECESSITY employ? Need/ have to do Needn’t do/ don’t have/ need to do Didn’t need/ have to do Needn’t have done
What language does the function ABILITY/ INABILITY employ? I am (not) able to/ can(‘t) do Could (not) do/ was (not) able to do
What language do the functions OBLIGATION/ ABSENCE OF OBLIGATION employ? Must do (Don’t) have to do Should(n’t) do Had to do/ didn’t have to do
What language does the function DEDUCTIONS employ? Must do Can’t/ couldn’t do Must have done Can’t/ couldn’t have done
What language do the functions (IM)PROBABILITY/ (IM)POSSIBILITY employ? Can do Could(n’t) do May (not) do Might (not) do Could have done May (not) have done Might (not) have done
What language do the functions REPROACH/ CRITICISM employ? Can do! Ought (not) to/ should(n’t) do Could/ might do! Could/ might have done Ought (not) to/ should(n’t) have done
What language does the function REQUESTS employ? Can you do? Will you do? Could you do? Would you do?
What language do the functions OFFERS/ WILLINGNESS employ? I will do Shall I do? Can I do? Could I do? May I do?
What language does the function PROHIBITION employ? Mustn’t do Can’t do May not do Won’t do Wasn’t/ weren’t (supposed) to do
What language does the function PERMISSION employ? Can I do? Could I do? May I do? Might I do? Could(n’t) do
What language does the function ADVICE employ? Should(n’t) do Ought(n’t) to do Must(n’t) do Have to do Had better (not) do Ought(n’t) to/ should(n’t)/ had better (not) have done
What language do the functions SUGGESTIONS/ RECOMMENDATIONS employ? Can do Could do Shall we (do)? [I (don’t) think] sb should do (Really) must do Could do (past)
What language does the function EXPECTATION employ? Should do Should have done
What language does the function INSISTENCE employ? Will (not) do Would (not) do
What language does the function TYPICAL BEHAVIOUR employ? Would do
What language do the functions ASKING FOR SUGGESTIONS/ INSTRUCTIONS employ? (Question word) can/ could/ shall/ should/ must I do? Am I (supposed) to do? Could do Was/ were to do
What language does the function PREFERENCE employ? Would rather/ sooner do Would rather/ sooner have done
What language does the function BOLDNESS employ? Dare (to) do Dare sb (to) do Dare not (to) do Dared (to) do Dared not (to) do/ didn’t dare (to) do
What language does the function ASSUMPTIONS employ? Will (not) do Will (not) have done
Standard Expressions & Constructions with Modal VerbsPractice - Testing
Standard Expressions/ Constructions I can + perception verbs (replacing the Present Continuous ) could + perception verbs (replacing the Past Continuous )
Standard Expressions/ Constructions II may … but … = although: concession ALSO: be that as it may = although this may be so, try as I might = although I try hard, (Strange) though/ as it may (sound/ seem/…) = although it sounds/ seems/ … (strange)
Standard Expressions/ Constructions III may/ might (just) as well = 1. suggesting the best course of action in the circumstances 2. ‘couldeasily’ is also possible here = it wouldn’t matter if sb did sth else instead
Standard Expressions/ Constructions IV may (very) well = perhaps it’s simply/ easily like that
Standard Expressions/ Constructions V May (God Bless) sb/ sth = formally wishing sth
Standard Expressions/ Constructions VI for fear one might/ lest one should = fearing that/ in case
Standard Expressions/ Constructions VII can(’t)/ could(n’t) possibly = it will (not)/ would (not) be possible to
Standard Expressions/ Constructions VIII would be grateful if you would/ could = formal and polite request
Standard Expressions/ Constructions IX • shall = formal instead of ‘will’, esp. • when showing determination & • in legal papers (contracts, agreements, etc), when stating what is to apply
Standard Expressions/ Constructions X should (subjunctive meaning) = formal in ‘that’ clauses in place of a gerund or infinitive construction (See also Un. 10)