Advanced C1 – C2

1. Advanced C1 – C2 Joining Grammar Forces

2. Modal VerbsPractice - Testing

3. There are 8 Modal/ Auxiliary verbs in English.

4. How are Modal Verbs constructed in a sentence? Modal Verb Bare Infinitive

5. Can Modal Verbs be found with the other time forms of the bare infinitive? Yes. So we can have: Simple Bare Infinitive present/ future Continuous Bare Inf. Modal Verbs Perfect Bare Inf. past Perf. Cont. Bare Inf.

6. Functions Practice - Testing

7. Function = a label on everyday situations and on the type of language we use in them e.g. asking sb to do sth for us / for a favour Label: REQUEST, Language: Can you/ could you/ I was wondering if you could/ Will you/ Would you/ Would it be possible for you to, etc

8. There is no polite plural in English. So, we use functional language (with modal verbs and other expressions) to cover for its lack.

9. The kind of functional language we use depends on 4 considerations. • They are: • Speakers’ relationship • Speakers’ roles • Setting • Topic

10. Modal Verbs, Other Defective Structures & their FunctionsPractice - Testing

11. What language does the function ARRANGEMENTS employ? I am to do I was to do I was to have done

12. What language does the function HABITS employ? Will do Would do Used to do

13. What language do the functions NECESSITY/ ABSENCE OF NECESSITY employ? Need/ have to do Needn’t do/ don’t have/ need to do Didn’t need/ have to do Needn’t have done

14. What language does the function ABILITY/ INABILITY employ? I am (not) able to/ can(‘t) do Could (not) do/ was (not) able to do

15. What language do the functions OBLIGATION/ ABSENCE OF OBLIGATION employ? Must do (Don’t) have to do Should(n’t) do Had to do/ didn’t have to do

16. What language does the function DEDUCTIONS employ? Must do Can’t/ couldn’t do Must have done Can’t/ couldn’t have done

17. What language do the functions (IM)PROBABILITY/ (IM)POSSIBILITY employ? Can do Could(n’t) do May (not) do Might (not) do Could have done May (not) have done Might (not) have done

18. What language do the functions REPROACH/ CRITICISM employ? Can do! Ought (not) to/ should(n’t) do Could/ might do! Could/ might have done Ought (not) to/ should(n’t) have done

19. What language does the function REQUESTS employ? Can you do? Will you do? Could you do? Would you do?

20. What language do the functions OFFERS/ WILLINGNESS employ? I will do Shall I do? Can I do? Could I do? May I do?

21. What language does the function PROHIBITION employ? Mustn’t do Can’t do May not do Won’t do Wasn’t/ weren’t (supposed) to do

22. What language does the function PERMISSION employ? Can I do? Could I do? May I do? Might I do? Could(n’t) do

23. What language does the function ADVICE employ? Should(n’t) do Ought(n’t) to do Must(n’t) do Have to do Had better (not) do Ought(n’t) to/ should(n’t)/ had better (not) have done

24. What language do the functions SUGGESTIONS/ RECOMMENDATIONS employ? Can do Could do Shall we (do)? [I (don’t) think] sb should do (Really) must do Could do (past)

25. What language does the function EXPECTATION employ? Should do Should have done

26. What language does the function INSISTENCE employ? Will (not) do Would (not) do

27. What language does the function TYPICAL BEHAVIOUR employ? Would do

28. What language do the functions ASKING FOR SUGGESTIONS/ INSTRUCTIONS employ? (Question word) can/ could/ shall/ should/ must I do? Am I (supposed) to do? Could do Was/ were to do

29. What language does the function PREFERENCE employ? Would rather/ sooner do Would rather/ sooner have done

30. What language does the function BOLDNESS employ? Dare (to) do Dare sb (to) do Dare not (to) do Dared (to) do Dared not (to) do/ didn’t dare (to) do

31. What language does the function ASSUMPTIONS employ? Will (not) do Will (not) have done

32. Standard Expressions & Constructions with Modal VerbsPractice - Testing

33. Standard Expressions/ Constructions I can + perception verbs (replacing the Present Continuous ) could + perception verbs (replacing the Past Continuous )

34. Standard Expressions/ Constructions II may … but … = although: concession ALSO: be that as it may = although this may be so, try as I might = although I try hard, (Strange) though/ as it may (sound/ seem/…) = although it sounds/ seems/ … (strange)

35. Standard Expressions/ Constructions III may/ might (just) as well = 1. suggesting the best course of action in the circumstances 2. ‘couldeasily’ is also possible here = it wouldn’t matter if sb did sth else instead

36. Standard Expressions/ Constructions IV may (very) well = perhaps it’s simply/ easily like that

37. Standard Expressions/ Constructions V May (God Bless) sb/ sth = formally wishing sth

38. Standard Expressions/ Constructions VI for fear one might/ lest one should = fearing that/ in case

39. Standard Expressions/ Constructions VII can(’t)/ could(n’t) possibly = it will (not)/ would (not) be possible to

40. Standard Expressions/ Constructions VIII would be grateful if you would/ could = formal and polite request

41. Standard Expressions/ Constructions IX • shall = formal instead of ‘will’, esp. • when showing determination & • in legal papers (contracts, agreements, etc), when stating what is to apply

42. Standard Expressions/ Constructions X should (subjunctive meaning) = formal in ‘that’ clauses in place of a gerund or infinitive construction (See also Un. 10)