Starter task: What am I?

1. Starter task: What am I? • For 10 points: I am extremely large (up to 480 miles across) • For 9 points: I form in the tropics • For 8 points: I have four different names depending on where I form • For 7 points: I have an ‘eye’. • For 6 points: I need warm and deep seas to form • For 5 points: I used to only get given girls names! • For 4 points: I can cause lots of damage when I dissipate my energy. • For 3 points: I have very strong winds and lots of moisture! • For 2 points: I am a low pressure weather event WHAT AM I?

2. What is a tropical storm? Most pupils will be able to identify the effects of a huuricaneand understand that hurricanescan be managed. To be able to evaluate the management techniques in terms of their sustainability. (A-A* grade) All pupils will be able to define drought and be able to give a simple explanation for the cause of a hurricane

3. What is a tropical storm? They’ll huff and they'll puff and they’ll BLOW your house down!

4. What is a tropical storm? http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/101-videos/hurricanes-101

5. What is a tropical storm? A tropical storm is a hazard that brings heavy rainfall, strong winds and other related hazards such as mudslides and floods. Tropical storms usually form between approximately 5° and 30° latitude and move westward due to easterly winds. The Coriolis force sends them spinning towards the poles. In most areas, tropical storms are given names. The names are alphabetical and alternate between male and female. This makes storms easier to identify, especially when they are close together. It is hard to predict the path of a tropical storm, and therefore difficult to manage an adequate evacuation of an area if needed.

6. Location

7. Note that they are called different names in different parts of the world

8. How do tropical storms form? sdme\Hurricane Song.flv

9. How do tropical storms form?

10. Creation of the storm………. 7. When the wind reaches up to 75mph it is called a tropical storm. 5. The cold air sinks creating a calm eye 4. A wall of clouds form, and it rains heavily. 3. Warm cools and condenses. Eye 2. Warm air from the ocean rises quickly 6. Low pressure is created above the ocean and winds at the earths equator cause more warm air to be sucked in. 1. The ocean has to reach 27 Degrees Celsius. Ocean (27 Degrees Celsius)

11. How do tropical storms form? 30 Tropical Storms form when the oceans are at their warmest – which is late summer and early autumn. This means ‘hurricane season’ in the northern hemisphere is between late June and the end of November. In the southern hemisphere the end of summer is January to April which is when they can expect tropical storms. They are named alphabetically from 6 main lists of names – so Hurricane ‘Charlie’ would be the 3rd of the season, whilst Hurricane ‘Wilma’ would be a late season one with boys and girls names alternating.

12. How do tropical storms form? Place these statements into the correct order in your flow diagram Warm moist air rises and condenses and forms clouds. Tropical storms develop above sea water that is 27⁰C or higher. They lose strength when they move over land because the energy supply is cut off. This process releases huge amounts of energy which makes the storms powerful.

13. Exam questions • Describe the location of where tropical storms form (3 marks). • Explain why Tropical Storms occur in these parts of the world (3 marks). Resource1

14. Describe the location of where tropical storms form (3 marks). Mark scheme • 3 locational points needed. These could include: • They form between the equator and tropic of Cancer/Capricorn (1). • The form to the north and south of the equator (1) • Could mention a specific ocean for (1) • Areas susceptible to tropical storms are the Caribbean, Central America, South East Asia and the Indian subcontinent.(1)

15. Explain why Tropical Storms occur in these parts of the world (3 marks). MARK SCHEME • Oceans have deep seas which are needed for formation (1) • Around the equator are warm seas (above 27 degrees) which are needed for formation (1) as air will rise to form a low pressure system (1) rising moist air then condenses forming the thick clouds and heavy rain (1) • At the equator, the trade winds help the storm to spin (1).

16. How powerful are tropical storms form? The Saffir-Simpson scale is the main measurement of the intensity of hurricane. There are 5 categories of hurricane which officially start when winds are over 74 mph. Below this there are ‘Tropical Storms’ and at the weakest level ‘Tropical Depressions’. A tropical storm’s strength can change with each day. A tropical storm can grow into a Category 1 or higher hurricane if it passes over warmer ocean – but if it passes over land it might weaken down the scale again. Catastrophic : Roofs blown off buildings. Extensive building damage. Wide floods Extreme : Trees blown down. Mobile homes destroyed. Wide building damage. Extensive : Weaker trees blown down. Mobile homes wrecked. Roofs damaged Moderate : Some trees blown down. Some damage to mobile & other homes Minimal : some branches broken off. Fencing blown down. No real damage.

17. What are the impacts and ways of managing a tropical storm? To be able to explain the impacts and management techniques of a tropical storm (B grade) To be able to evaluate the management techniques in terms of their sustainability. (A-A* grade) To be able to describe the effects and management techniques of a tropical storm (C-D grade)

18. What are the impacts of a tropical storm?

19. The impacts of tropical storms C-D grade You understand that tropical storms can affect both MEDCs and LEDCs. And can categorise the effects into these categories. Environmental Social B grade You can colour code the effects into primary and secondary. A – A* grade You can categorise and describe the effects socially, economically and environmentally. Economic Firstly colour the effects into primary and secondary. Then organise into the Venn Diagram to show social, economic and environmental effects.

20. What are the impacts of a tropical storms? Cyclone Nargis LEDC sdme\geographyalltheway.com - AS A2 IB Geography 2011 LEDC Case Study - Cyclone Nargis.flv

21. Using resource 2 and 3compare the effects of the tropical storm in the USA (MEDC) and Myanmar (LEDC). (8 marks) SDME practice….. Resource 2 Cyclone Nargis LEDC On 2 May 2008, Cyclone Nargis made landfall in Myanmar, crossing the south of the country over two days, and devastating the Ayeyarwady Delta region. • Primary impacts • 140,000 people dead. • 2.4 million people affected. • 95% of buildings in the delta destroyed. • 80, 000 people dead in the delta’s local town. • Over 2 million people homeless. • Transport links swept away. • Power lines blown down. • Secondary impacts • Families without clean water or electricity. • Dirty water lead to mosquitos breading. • Cost of rice increased by 50%. • Sewage leaked onto rice paddies causing disease. • Difficulty in travelling around the country. • Damaged agriculture land caused crop failure. • Thousands were living on the streets without shelter. • $10 billion needed to re-build. Some aid workers were not allowed into Myanmar The army harassed volunteers. Aid was not distributed effectively. Did the government make things worse? Offers of help were refused at first. Mangrove swamps were destroyed. Leaflets suggesting many did not need help were issued.

22. What are the impacts of a tropical storms?

23. What are the impacts of a tropical storms? sdme\Hurricane Katrina Video.wmv Hurricane Katrina MEDC

24. Using resource 2 and 3 compare the effects of the tropical storm in the USA (MEDC) and Myanmar (LEDC). (8 marks) SDME practice….. Resource 3 Hurricane Katrina MEDC August 29, 2005 - Hurricane Katrina makes landfall as a Category 3 storm with 127 mph winds between Grand Isle, Louisiana, and the mouth of the Mississippi River at about 6 a.m. - Severe flooding damage to Gulfport, Mississippi, New Orleans, Louisiana, and areas in between. - Some levees are overtopped in New Orleans and there is extensive damage to the Superdome roof, where 10,000 people sought shelter from the storm. According to FEMA, Katrina is, " the single most catastrophic natural disaster in U.S. history." According to FEMA, the total estimate damage for Katrina is $108 billion. This makes it the "costliest hurricane in U.S. history." • Primary impacts • The storm surge and heavy rain flooded the city; by the 31st August 80% of the city was up to 3 meters under water. • Buildings were extensively damaged. • One million people were homeless. • There was no clean water, food or toilet facilities in the city. • Communications networks failed and local TV stations were disrupted. • 1.7 million people were without electricity. • Most major road and two major bridges were damaged. • Secondary impacts • Nearly everyone in New Orleans lost their jobs. • Drowned bodies were a potential health risk. • Many suffered emotion distress. • Looting and disorder became serious problems. About 13% of the population had not returned home 5 years later. • Repairs and reconstruction costs ran high- $10 billion by 2006. • Oil and natural gas production, and imports, were affected, so prices for oil and petrol rose.

25. What are the impacts of a tropical storms?

26. A Writing Strategy…

28. Tropical Storms Can you Prevent Predict Plan for No Yes Yes

29. Managing tropical storms ….. Protection- building techniques Prediction Complete the table on the different management techniques. Describe the technique, give examples, describe if its sustainable. Managing tropical storms Planning Education Aid

30. Constant monitoring can help to give advanced warning of a tropical storm. Managing tropical storms Prediction Ships and buoys record water temperatures and air pressure. The data can show when the conditions are right for a tropical storm to form. Computer models use the data and 40 years of climatic records to predict how severe storms might become and where they may go. It is still very difficult to predict exactly when a tropical storm will happen and even harder to predict exactly where it will land. Equipment is expensive and not affordable for many LEDCs. Satellites are used to track tropical storms. They use visible and infra-red images to see if a storm grows and where it moves to.

31. Prediction Monitoring begins during the early stages of storm development out in the ocean using satellites, ships and buoys. Closer to land, aircraft and radiosandes provide data. All the data are fed into computer models that forecast storm intensities and storm tracks.

32. Planning involves getting people and the emergency services ready to deal with the impacts. Managing tropical storms Planning sdme\VDOT Hurricane evacuation information.flv Emergency services can train and prepare for disasters. This reduce the number of people killed. Governments can plan evacuation routes to get people away from storms quickly. This reduces the number of people killed or injured by things like flying debris. Future developments (houses etc) can be planned away from common storm hit areas. Plans like training the emergency services and planning evacuation can be very expensive. Often the poorest people even in MEDCs do not have access to a car or cannot afford to move.

33. Teaching people about what to do in an tropical storm. Managing tropical storms Hurricane Preparedness 2008.mp4 Education In the USA hurricane preparedness week is held every May to let people know what to do in a hurricane. This is good for saving lives. However, in an LEDC a nationwide education programme may not be practical. Funding would be limited and fewer people would have access to TV or the internet. People are encourage to buy the right supplies and make a Family Disaster Plan for reaching shelter.

34. Aid involves assisting after the storm, commonly in LEDCs. Managing tropical storms Aid Governments or organisations often send aid to countries hit by a tropical storm. The aim of the aid is to reduce the impacts, by providing basic needs such as bottled water and food. Sometimes aid is not always welcomed by the country especially if their countries are suspicious o the countries giving the aid.

35. Preparing for a tropical storm may involve construction projects that will improve protection. Managing tropical storms Protection- building techniques Belts of trees can be planted to shelter coastal homes from the wind. Projects restoring lost wetlands can be put in place so that trees such as mangroves absorb storm energy. The walls and roofs of houses can be strengthened so wind cannot damage them so easily. Windows can be boarded up. Embankments, levees and flood walls can be built to defend settlements from storm surges. These take a long time to plan and develop as well as being extremely costly so they may only be afforded by MEDCs. Houses at serious risk of flooding could be built on stilts. Also new housing could be built further away from the risks.

36. Using resource 1 and 2 and 3 explain which three management techniques would be most effective for Myanmar to use. (8 marks) SDME practice.... Resource 3 Education Aid Protection- building techniques Tropical storm management options. Planning Prediction