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Lecture 5

Lecture 5 . Stress In Simple words. 1. What is Word Stress?. In English, we do not say each syllable with the same force or strength. In one word, we accentuate ONE syllable. We say one syllable very loudly (big, strong, important) and all the other syllables very quietly .

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Lecture 5

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  1. Lecture 5 Stress In Simple words Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi 1

  2. What is Word Stress? • In English, we do not say each syllable with the same force or strength. In one word, we accentuate ONE syllable. We say one syllable very loudly (big, strong, important) and all the other syllables very quietly. Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  3. Levels of Stress Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  4. STRESS Primary Secondary Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  5. The Nature Of Stress • The conventions for marking stress • are: an upper vertical bar before the stressed syllable • for primary stress e.g./'fα:ðә/ and a lower bar • for secondary stress e.g./‚fәυtә'græfık/ Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  6. How to pronounce word stress? Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  7. When a syllable is stressed, it is pronounced • longer in duration • higher in pitch • louder in volume Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  8. Why is Word Stress Important? Stress (together with intonation) has important functions, misplacing, or not placing enough stress may make communication ambiguous. Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  9. Q: How do we identify the stressed syllables? Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  10. A: By choosing the role of either the speaker or listener as each of them focuses attention on different characteristics! Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  11. Speaker • What does the speaker do in producing the stressed syllable? • POINT OF VIEW OF PRODUCTION: the speaker uses more muscular energy in the production of stressed than in the production of unstressed syllables; chest muscles are more active, subglottal pressure higher, etc. Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  12. Hearer • What characteristics of sounds make a syllable seem to a listener to be stressed? • POINT OF VIEW OF PERCEPTION: stressed syllables are more prominent than unstressed syllables. Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  13. PROMINENCE depends on 4 factors: • Loudness • Length • Pitch • Quality Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  14. Loudness • Stressed syllables sound louder • In a sequence of same syllables the one that is louder will be heard and recognised as stressed Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  15. Length • In a sequence of same syllables the one that is made longer will be heard as stressed, e.g. /dadadα:dada/ Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  16. Pitch • In speech it is closely related to the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds, and to the musical notion of low- and high- pitched notes. It is a perceptual characteristic of speech, and syllable pronounced at a higher pitch than the rest of them will be perceived as stressed /da/ da/da/da/ /da/da/da/ Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  17. Quality • If a syllable contains a vowel that is different in quality from the vowels in surrounding syllables, it will be perceived as stressed: /dα:dα:d¡:dα:dα:/ Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  18. Notice that usually all four factors combine to give us what is known as WORD STRESS. So much so that it is in fact difficult to utter the preceding examples, e.g. that of loudness, without involving the other three. Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  19. EXAMPLE:How do you say teacher? Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  20. Stress in Simple Words Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  21. We first ask: is the word simple, complex or compound? Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  22. Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  23. WORD SIMPLE one morpheme: enter, deny, return, cotton, potato Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  24. WORD COMPLEX bound or unbound stem with bound morphemes (affixes: prefixes or suffixes): singer, goodness, unlock, capable, conversation Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  25. WORD COMPOUND more than one unbound morpheme: greenhouse, handbag, overcast, whitewash Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  26. Stress in verbs and nouns • One problematic point is that of words that have one stress pattern if nouns and another if verbs e.g. NounVerb DEsert deSERT IMport imPORT EScort eSCORT REcord reCORD PROtest proTEST Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

  27. Mrs.Hind Al-Beladi

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