“Leaking pipeline”

1. John P. Elder, Ph.D., M.P.HGregory A. Talavera M.D., M.P.H.Mentoring of Early Career Minorities in Health-Related Research2013 APA Convention: Division 38 and Division 45Wednesday, July 31, 2013

2. “Leaking pipeline” • 2011 Ginther article finds that find that Asians are 4 percentage points and African-American applicants are 13 percentage points less likely to receive NIH investigator-initiated research funding compared with whites. African-American applicants remain 10 percentage points less likely than whites to be awarded NIH research funding.¹ • Latinos are losing ground in representation in academia: Latino citizens and residents comprise only 5% of doctorate recipients in 2006 compared to non-Latino whites at 76%.² • Low numbers of Latino faculty at colleges and universities, numbering only 4% in 2003, many of these in Spanish language departments.³ ¹ Race, Ethnicity, and NIH Research Awards Donna K. Ginther, Walter T. Schaffer, Joshua Schnell, Beth Masimore, Faye Liu, Laurel L. Haak, and RaynardKington, Science 19 August 2011: 333 (6045), 1015-1019. [DOI:10.1126/science.1196783] ² Chapa, J, De La Rosa B. Latino population growth, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, and implications for educational attainment. Education and Urban Society 2004; 26 (2): 130-149. ³ Digest of Education Statistics, 2004. National Center for Education Statistics. http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d04/

3. Substantive action required • Eliminate career advancement disparities by increasing: • Amount of minorities receiving advanced degrees • Minorities with doctoral-level degrees that become productive faculty , especially in higher faculty ranks • Increase awards of federal research funds to minority applicants • Training of diverse and minority faculty in health professions, can ultimately result in: • “improving the quality of health care and accessibility of health services within culturally responsible populations”.¹ ¹Fitz PA, Mitchell BE. Building Our Future – Increasing Diversity in the Diabetics Profession: A Summary of the ADA Diversity Mentoring Project. Journal of Allied Health 2002; 31: 177-183.

4. R25 “PRIDE” grant funded to conduct Summer Institute programs to enable faculty and scientists from minority groups to further develop their research skills and knowledge to enhance their career development • Behavioral and Sleep Medicine: NYU Langone Medical Center • Cardiovascular Genetic Epidemiology: Washington University in St. Louis • Cardiovascular-Related Research: SUNY Downstate Medical Center • Comparative Effectiveness Research: Columbia University School of Medicine • Functional and Applied Genomics of Blood Disorders: Georgia Regents University • Latino CVD Health Disparities: San Diego State University

5. San Diego State University Graduate School of Public Health (GSPH) and the Institute for Behavioral and Community Health (IBACH) awarded one of six mentoring programs • Principal Investigators: John P. Elder and Greg Talavera • Project funding period: 09/30/2010 – 09/29/2014 • Funding Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

6. Mentoring Process • 1 year tailored mentoring with program objectives for each mentee (Aug – July) • Pinpoint a focus area, develop research agenda, and determine academic plan and goals • Regularly scheduled meetings either in person, by phone or e-mail • Linkage with scientific expertise and role models • Mentor site visit • Assigned mentor visits home university in following Spring • PRIDE Annual Meeting, Washington D.C. • Following Spring from Summer Institute allows mentees to network across PRIDE programs • Post-Institute training stipend • $1000 allocated for each mentee to pursue additional research

7. Challenges • Thematic challenge for San Diego R25 PRIDE program has been whether to present an ethnic/Racial-specific or variable-specific theme. • We primarily emphasize the former in our summer institutes and this captures the professional ‘passion’ of the participants, but by doing so we have to present a very wide array of research topics, from biology to geography. • Demand for program exceeds program capacity • Increasing demand year after year

8. 29 mentees 2011-’13 2013 2011 2012 I. Ornelas M. Reyes S. Benavides-Vaello A. Quinones D. Lopez- Cevallos E. Grubert M. Jimenez J. Mattei L. Lopez B. Baquero A. Tovar P. Miranda C. Alcantara R. Pereira A. Guerrero L. Arellano Iana Castro D. Sotres- Alvarez L. Corsino B. Campos R. White III S. Vega A. Camacho K.D’Anna -Hernandez J. Ruiz P. Mora A. Rodriguez R. Rosario-Rosado E. Sosa L. Ojeda Pulgaron, Elizabeth

9. Institute Curriculum Our Summer Institute consists of over 30 transdisciplinary trainings designed to enhance research skills in cardiovascular health disparities: Public Health: • Public Health Research Framework: James Sallis – UCSD • Community Based Participatory Research – Hector Balcazar, UTEP • Behavioral Observation Lab – John Elder, SDSU • GIS in Public Health Research – Ming Hsiang-Tsou, SDSU • Correlations/ Determinants – Carmen Isasi, Albert Einstein College of Medicine • Intervention Studies – John Elder, Elva Arredondo, SDSU & James Sallis

10. Curriculum Latino Health Disparities: • Latino Health Disparities – William Vega, USC • Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Data Set – Greg Talavera, Daniela Sotres • Sociocultural Biobehavioral Factors in Hispanic/Latino Health – Linda Gallo, SDSU • Redes en Acción & Salud America– Amelie Ramirez, UT Texas Science Center, San Antonio • PromotorasPanel • Acculturation Measures Panel Discussion – PI Panel

11. Nutrition: • Grocery Store Audit – Guadalupe X. (Suchi) Ayala, SDSU • Community Audits – Guadalupe X. (Suchi) Ayala, SDSU • Nutrition Measurement – Ruth Patterson, UCSD Physical Activity: • Physical Activity Measures – Simon Marshall, UCSD • SOFIT, SOPARC, SOPLAY – Thom McKenzie, SDSU • Accelerometer Training – Simon Marshall, UCSD

12. Grantwriting: • NHLBI Webinar: Grant Writing Seminar – Josephine Boyington, NHLBI Program Director • Developing an Individual Academic Plan – Michaela Kiernan, Stanford University • Scientific Writing Skills Workshop – Michaela Kiernan • Editing in Motion – Michaela Kiernan • Writing Grants That Get Funded: The Reviewer’s Perspective – Michaela Kiernan • How to Respond to Grant Reviews – Michaela Kiernan • Implementation Translation Dissemination – John Elder Grant Management: • Grant Management from a Program Manager Perspective – Program Manager Panel • Grant Management from a PI Perspective - PI Panel • Recruitment and Retention of Study Participants – Greg Talavera, SDSU

13. Program Gains • During site visits, mentors advocate on mentee’s behalf • Research Networks develop within groups of ‘mentee’ participants. After two years many remain in close contact with one another. • Networks among faculty presenters from around the country also develop, linking us with other established senior researchers.

14. Thank you!