MANAGEMENT DECISIONS AND FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING REPORTS

1. MANAGEMENT DECISIONS AND FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING REPORTS

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3. INVESTING DECISIONS Investing in Other Firms' Equity Securities

4. Topics • Methods of accounting for investments in common stock • “Mark-to-Market accounting” for certain investments in equity securities • Opportunity for gains trading • Legal forms of business combinations • Accounting methods for business combinations • Consolidated financial statements

5. Methods of Accounting for Investments in Common Stock • Cost Method • Investor has no significant influence over increase • Presumed to beownership of < 20% of investee’s outstanding common stock • Equity method • Investor has significant influence, but does not have control over investee • Presumed to be ownership of 20% - 50% of investee’s outstanding common stock

6. FAQ? When should a corporation consider consolidation, i.e., consolidated financial statements? When the investor is “in control” which is clearly the case when over 50% of the investee’s outstanding common shares are owned. Effective control can often take somewhat less than 50%!

7. Cost Method • An investor uses the cost method if it has no significant influence over investee • Investment is recorded at the cost of acquiring the shares • If marketable, securities are classified as either trading or available-for-sale (in accordance with SFAS No. 115).

8. The investee’s pro rata share of dividends declared by investee is recorded as dividend income • Dividend income is shown in the other income section of the income statement. • Dividends received are shown as an operating activity in the SCF.

9. Equity Method • An investor uses the equity method if it has significant influence over the investee, but it does not have control • The investment is initially recorded at the cost of acquiring the shares. • The investor’s pro rata share of investee net income is recorded as (1) an increase in the investment, and (2) investment income (reported in the “other income” section of the income statement; not dependent on cash flows).

10. Equity Method & Dividend Collections • The investor’s pro rata share of dividends declared by investee is recorded as a reduction of the investor’s investment • Under the equity method, the investment is not marked-to-market

11. Example: Compare and Contrast Cost and Equity Methods (for long-term investments) Facts: On January 1, the O’Brien Co. purchased 100,000 shares of Gilly Co.’s common stock for $18 per share (or 15% of Gilly’s outstanding common stock). For the year, Gilly reported net income of $5,000,000 and declared and paid dividends of $800,000.

13. O’Brien: Cost Method

14. Cost Method, continued

15. O’Brien: Equity Method

16. Equity Method, continued

17. Compare and Contrast Effect of Cost and Equity Methods • Balance sheet: Investment account is different • Cost: carry at historical cost • Equity: carry at historical cost adjusted for • Income statement: Revenue is different • Cost: dividends • Equity: pro-rata share of investee’s Net Income • Statement of cash flows is different • Cost: no adjustment required for non-cash revenue • Equity: remove non-cash revenue from net income

18. “Mark-to-Market Accounting” for Investments in Equity Securities FMV • SFAS No. 115 classifies certain securities as trading, available-for-sale, or held-to-maturity. • Equity securities can only be classified as trading or available-for-sale. • Only debt securities can be classified as held-to-maturity.

19. To be classified as trading or available-for-sale, the securities must have readily determinable FMVs. • Types of equity securities that qualify for trading or available-for-sale classification • Common stock (accounted for under the cost method) • Preferred stock • Stock rights, warrants, options

20. SFAS No. 115: Trading and Available-for-Sale Securities • Trading • Marked-to-Market at balance sheet date • Unrealized gain/loss is reported in the other income (expenses) section of the income statement • Unrealized gain/loss is a noncash event that requires adjustment in the operating section of the SCF

21. Available-For-Sale • Marked-to-Market at balance sheet date • Unrealized gain/loss is reported in the other comprehensive income section of the statement of comprehensive income • Other comprehensive income is closed to the accumulated other comprehensive income section of stockholders’ equity • Unrealized gain does not impact net income so no adjustment is required on the SCF

22. Example: Compare and Contrast Trading and Available-For-Sale Classifications Facts: On January 1, the O’Brien Co. purchased 100,000 shares of Gilly Co.’s common stock for $18 per share (15% of Gilly’s outstanding common stock). For the year, O’Gill reported net income of $5,000,000 and declared and paid dividends of $800,000. The investment (15%) does not give O’Brien significant influence therefore the cost method is used. Gilly’s year-end common stock FMV is $20 per share.

24. O’Brien: Trading Classification

25. Trading Classification, continued

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27. O’Brien: Available-for-Sale Classification

28. Available-for-Sale Classification, continued

29. Compare and Contrast Effects of Trading and Available-for-Sale Classifications • Balance sheet investment account is the same • Income statement amounts are different • Statement of comprehensive income amounts are different • Cash flows on the SCF different; classification affects ‘type’ of cash flow; Trading’s noncash revenue from mark-to-market requires adjustment

30. Opportunity for “Gains Trading” • A company with available-for-sale securities has unrealized gains/losses associated with the securities • “Gains trading” is the strategic planning of sales of available-for-sale securities in such a manner as to create either • profits (sell securities with unrealized gains) • losses (sell securities with unrealized losses)

31. BUSINESS COMBINATIONS

32. Legal Forms of Business Combinations Three general forms (types) of business combinations occur • Merger: One entity retains its identity. • Consolidation: New entity identity is created. • Parent/Subsidiary Relationship: All entities maintain identity.

33. Merger: A + B = A • One company acquires a second company and the second company ceases to exist. • Consolidation: A + B = C • Two companies form a third company and the original two companies cease to exist. • Parent & Subsidiaries: A + B = A + B • One company acquires the common stock of a second company, and after the transaction both companies continue to exist.

34. Accounting Methods forBusiness Combinations: “Purchase” • The transaction is recorded at the fair market value of the consideration given by the acquiring company • The net assets of the acquired company are written up or down to fair market value • Any excess of the value paid over the sum of the fair market values of the net assets acquired is recorded asgoodwill

35. Accounting Methods for Business Combinations: “Poolings” • FASB eliminated ‘pooling’ for all combinations after June 30, 2001 • Historically, many combinations were recorded as pooling • Net assets acquired recorded at their book value • No goodwill was recognized

36. Goodwill • Goodwill reported on a balance sheet can only result from a business combination accounted for as a purchase. • Goodwill is tested annually for impairment

37. Goodwill Impairment Procedure • Compare fair value of the reporting unit to the unit’s book value including goodwill • If FV > carrying amount, no impairment • If FV < carrying amount, proceed to second step • Compare GW’s bookvalue to its implied fair value • If BV > Implied FV recognizeimpairment equal to the excess

38. Consolidated Financial Statements • Note: The use of the term consolidation in the next slide is different than when used to refer to the legal form of a type of business combination (i.e., consolidation: A + B = C)

39. Consolidated Financial Statements • Companies that reflect a parent/subsidiary relationship prepare consolidated financial statements • The financial statements of the parent company are combined with those of the subsidiary company(s) into one set of consolidated financial statements • Intercompany amounts are eliminated in the consolidation process

40. JOIN KHALID AZIZ • ECONOMICS OF ICMAP, ICAP, MA-ECONOMICS, B.COM. • FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING OF ICMAP STAGE 1,3,4 ICAP MODULE B, B.COM, BBA, MBA & PIPFA. • COST ACCOUNTING OF ICMAP STAGE 2,3 ICAP MODULE D, BBA, MBA & PIPFA. • CONTACT: • 0322-3385752 • 0312-2302870 • R-1173,ALNOOR SOCIETY, BLOCK 19,F.B.AREA, KARACHI, PAKISTAN.