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Common Neonatal Problems

Common Neonatal Problems. Khalid Altirkawi, MD King Saud University College of Medicine Department of pediatrics/Division of Neonatal Medicine. This presentation is intended for helping medical students and the junior trainees upon their early days in the NICU.

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Common Neonatal Problems

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  1. Common NeonatalProblems Khalid Altirkawi, MD King Saud University College of Medicine Department of pediatrics/Division of Neonatal Medicine

  2. This presentation is intended for helping medical students and the junior trainees upon their early days in the NICU. It is certainly NOT directed to the most seasoned staff. Please provide me with your feedback at: kaltirkawi@ksu.edu.sa

  3. Introduction

  4. Definitions • Age • GA = gestational age • CGA = corrected gestational age • PCA = post conceptional age • PMA = post menstrual age • Chronologic age • Postnatal day of life = start at 1 on birthday • Postnatal age = start at 0 on birthday

  5. Definitions • Birthweight • LBW = low birthweight <2500 g • VLBW = very low birthweight <1500 g • ELBW = extremely low birthweight <1000 g

  6. Signs and Symptoms Cyanosis. Pallor. Convulsions. Lethargy. Irritability. Hyperactivity. Poor feeding. Fever. Apnea. Jaundice. Vomiting. Diarrea. Abdominal distension. Pseudoparalysis.

  7. Cyanosis • Central cyanosis : • Respiratory insufficiency. • CNS depression. • Cyanotic heart disease. • PPHN. • Hypoglycemia • Sepsis

  8. Peripheral Cyanosis

  9. Pallor • Anemia. • Acute hemorrhage. • Hypoxia. • Hypoglycemia. • Shock. • Adrenal failure. • Sepsis.

  10. Convulsions • Electrolyte abnormal-ities : Ca, Na. • Hypoglycemia. • Inborn error of metabolism • Drug withdrawal • Pyridoxine deficiency • Cerebral anomalies. • Cerebral Infarction. • Intracranial hemorrhage. • Birth Asphyxia. • Meningitis. • Familial

  11. Convulsions Type of convulsions Subtle, focal or generalized Needs to be distinguished from: Jitterness Apnea

  12. Lethargy • Asphyxia. • Hypoglycemia. • Sedation. • Cerebral defect. • Inborn error of metabolism • Sepsis

  13. Irritability • Intra-abdominal conditions. • Meningeal irritation. • Drug withdrawal. • Congenital glaucoma. • Sepsis

  14. Poor Feeding • Prematurity • Sick newborn infants: • Sepsis

  15. Thermal regulation abnormalities • Hypothermia (more common) • Hyperthermia: • Environmental. • Over clothing. • Dehydration. • Infection.

  16. Jaundice • First 24 hours (almost always pathologic) : • Erythroblastosis fetalis. • Sepsis. • CMV. • Congenital rubella. • Toxoplasmosis.

  17. Jaundice • After 24 hours : • Physiologic • Hemolytic anemia • IEM: e.g. Galactosemia • Hepatitis • Congenital infections • Sepsis

  18. Vomiting • GI obstruction • Pyloric stenosis • Overfeeding • Milk allergy • Increased ICP • Sepsis

  19. Abdominal Distention • GI obstruction. • Abdominal mass • NEC • Ileus • Hypokalemia • Sepsis..

  20. Pseudo-paralysis • Fracture • Dislocation • Nerve injury • Osteomyelitis

  21. Selected NeonatalDisorders

  22. Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) Formerly known as hyaline membrane disease (HMD)

  23. RDS • Primary surfactant deficiency and “immaturity”

  24. RDS • Course: 3-4 days • Prevention: antenatal steroids, control of maternal diabetes • Diagnosis: • Clinical signs: Grunting, Retractions, Nasal flaring, Cyanosis • Radiographic signs: Diffuse, Ground-glass opacification, Air bronchograms, Low lung volumes (if not ventilated)

  25. RDS

  26. GBS pneumonia

  27. Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTNB) Fluid in the fissure

  28. Meconeum aspiration syndrome(MAS)

  29. RDS Treatment: exogenous intratracheal surfactant Surfactant lowers surface tension at air-fluid interface Within minutes, improved oxygenation and increased FRC at lower airway pressures Single treatment is enough for most newborns because type II pneumocytes recycle surfactant Second dose may be needed in >6 hours if surfactant inhibition occurs (e.g. in MAS)

  30. Aymptomatic (1-2% of all newborn infants) Spontaneous vs. secondary Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Management Pneumothorax

  31. Diaphragmatic Hernia • Cong. Or acquired • Most often left, and through the poster-lateral segment of diaphragm. • Respiratory Distress (usually severe), cyanosis, bradycardia, scaphoid abdomen • Diagnosis • Management • Outcome

  32. Diaphragmatic hernia (L)

  33. Diaphragmatic hernia (R)

  34. Chronic lung disease(CLD)Broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (BPD)

  35. CLD • Lung injury due to: • Barototrauma • Volutrauma • Oxygen toxicity

  36. BPD • Defined by the need for oxygen therapy or respiratory support at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) • Prophylaxis and Treatment

  37. Apnea of prematurity(AOP)

  38. AOP • Cessation of respiration for 20 seconds, or for 15 seconds associated with cyanosis, pallor or bradycardia • Respiratory drive in preterm infants is • Less developed in response to hypercarbia • Transiently increased then decreased by hypoxia • Preterm infants are at 3-4 increased risk of SIDS than term infants

  39. AOP • More common during sleep • Uncommon if birth after 34 weeks of gestation • May persist in VLBW infants until 44 weeks postmenstrual age. • May recur following general anesthesia: • Preterms < 44 weeks PMA who receive GA require 24 hour monitoring

  40. Types of AOP • Central apnea • Lack of respiratory drive and effort, Typically brief • Obstructive apnea • Presence of central drive and respiratory efforts • Cessation of respiratory airflow due to airway obstruction • Mixed apnea • Central apnea in response to hypoxia of obstructive apnea • Most common, Can be quite prolonged

  41. Identifiable Causes of Apnea • Prematurity/immaturity • Hypoglycemia • Drugs • Seizures • CNS injury • Sepsis!!!

  42. Treatment of severe AOP • Methylxanthine drugs (e.g. Caffeine) • Central stimulation • Nasal CPAP • Splints upper airway obstruction • Maintains FRC  stabilized oxygenation • Low flow nasal oxygen • Stabilizes oxygenation • Be careful not to hyper-oxygenate!

  43. Periodic breathing • Recurrent sequences of pauses in respiration lasting 5 to 10 seconds followed by 10-15 seconds of rapid respiration • Evaluation and Treatment are not indicated

  44. Patent Ductus Arteriosus(PDA)

  45. PDA • Persistence of fetal ductus arteriosus • Blood flow determined by relative pressures • Volume overload once pulmonary vascular resistance decreases

  46. PDA • Clinical Signs: • Continuous murmur • Best heard at upper left sternal border • Diastolic component is difficult to hear • Decreased systemic diastolic blood pressure • “bounding” pulse • Increased O2 and ventilatory requirements

  47. PDA • Diagnosis: • Echocardiography is the gold standard • Treatment: • Symptomatic • Indomethacin if < 14 (to 28) days chronologic age • Surgical ligation if 2 courses of Indomethacin were unsuccessful or contraindicated • Asymptomatic • closure after 6 months • Coil embolization • Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)

  48. Intraventricular hemorrhage(IVH)Periventricular hemorrhagic infarction(PVHI)

  49. IVH & PVHI • Grade I (Mild): Germinal matrix bleeding • Grade II (Moderate): IVH filling 10-50% of the ventricles • Grade III (Severe): ventricles >50% filled with blood, typically distending ventricle • Grade IV: Periventricular hemorrhagic infarction

  50. Grade I

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