French & British in North America

French & British in North America American Pageant (Ch 6) ~ Melissa Carter

History of Wars • King William’s War & Queen Anne’s War • British colonists and the coureurs de bois • Indian allies • Spain and France allies • Treaty of Utrecht (1713) • Maps were redrawn • France lost Acadia, Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay • Peace in the region led to “salutary neglect” for the British colonists

Map of Colonial Holdings

History of Wars • War of Jenkins’ Ear • British and Spanish • In the Caribbean Sea and Georgia • Result of Jenkins having his ear cut off for attempting to smuggle goods in Spanish America (per Treaty) • Led to larger war- King George’s War (War of Austrian Succession) • France allied with Spain • British navy won the war

Ohio Valley An area desired by both the British and the French French built a series of forts to protect the valley from British encroachment George Washington was sent to procure the land for Virginia

French Acadians Acadians required to migrate to Louisiana. Excerpt below given by John Winslow at the Grand-Pre Church, Nova Scotia “That your Land & Tennements, Cattle of All Kinds and Livestocks of all Sorts are forfeited to the Crown with all other effects, Saving your Money and Household Goods, and you yourselves to be removed from this Province. Thus it is Preremtorily his Majesty’s orders That the whole French Inhabitants of these Districts be Removed.” ~September 2, 1755

Albany Conference • 1754 • Intercolonial congress in Albany, NY • Called together by London • Invited the Iroquois Confederacy • GOALS: • Attempt to appease local tribes and form an alliance • Bribed them with tributes • Create greater sense of colonial unity

Albany Plan of Union A plan to implement colonial rule. The colonies would work together to solve problems. Delegates agreed upon the Plan Both London & the colonial governments denied the plan as either too restrictive or not restrictive enough 1st step toward unification of colonies Woodcarving created by Benjamin Franklin Summarized his idea for the Plan of Union and his thoughts regarding it’s necessity.

French and Indian War

Taking Sides • The French VS. The British • There were Native American allies on BOTH sides • The F&I War in America….. The Seven Years War in Europe • Began in 1754 • Ended in 1763 with the Treaty of Paris

General Braddock • Attempt to capture Fort Duquesne • Defeated by a group of Native Americans • Lost his life during the battle • IMPACT: • Opened the entire frontier to Indian attacks • Colonists noticed British weaknesses

William Pitt • Focused his efforts on Quebec and Montreal • Defeated Louisbourg (area of contention for years) • Battle of Quebec- most “significant engagement in British and American history) • Defeated Montreal • France was defeated • Treaty of Paris- 1763

Treaty of Paris (1763) • France lost colonial holdings in North America • France ceded (to Spain) New Orleans and regions along the Mississippi River • Spain ceded Florida to Britain in exchange for Cuba (Spain & France allies)

Treaty of Paris- Map

Relations b/w Brits & Colonists What British Thought? What Colonists Thought? • Colonists were… • Uncivilized • Little better than savages • Uneducated • Unrefined • British soldiers were • Rude • Crude • Out of control • Brutish • Arrogant

Remarks made about the colonists and the Colonial Militia: • “in general the dirtiest, most contemptible, cowardly dogs that you can conceive.” • “scum” who had fled to the “outhouses of civilization”

Continued disunity • Why???? • Distance • Geographic boundaries and barriers • Nationalities and variety of languages • Different governments (colonial) • Class struggles (have vs. have nots)

New hope for unity? • Why? • Colonists met for the first time during the war • Most spoke a common language • Shared a common dislike for British soldiers • Appreciated the self-government they had come to enjoy

Pontiac’s Uprising • Chief Pontiac (1763) tried to push British out of the Ohio Valley in a series of bloody battles • British used biological warfare to defeat them • British forts distributed blankets Infected with smallpox to the Indians • Rebellion ended in 1769

Proclamation of 1763 Royal proclamation drew a line down the Appalachian Mountains. Colonists could NOT settle to the West of the line. All land West of the line was reserved for Native Americans. **An attempt to settle the Indian issue **Resulted in angry colonists- many of whom disregarded the law.

French & British in North America