FLAME RESISTANT CLOTHING FOR PROTECTION AGAINST FLASH FIRE HAZARDS

1. FLAME RESISTANT CLOTHING FOR PROTECTION AGAINST FLASH FIRE HAZARDS

2. WHY FLAME RESISTANT PROTECTIVE CLOTHING? • IN NORTH AMERICA, THERE ARE MORE THAN 7,000 CLOTHING-RELATED WORKPLACE INJURIES EACH YEAR DUE TO FIRE. • THE MOST SEVERE BURNS ARE CAUSED BY IGNITED CLOTHING, NOT BY THE ORIGINAL FLASH FIRE.

3. WHY FLAME RESISTANT PROTECTIVE CLOTHING? (Continued) • CLOTHED AREAS CAN BE BURNED MORE SEVERELY THAN EXPOSED SKIN.

4. CLOTHED AREAS CAN BE BURNED MORE SEVERELY

5. THE IMPORTANCE OF THERMAL PROTECTIVE APPAREL • Thermal Protective Apparel • Maintains a Barrier to Isolate the Wearer From the Thermal Exposure • Traps Air Between the Wearer and the Barrier to Provide Insulation From the Exposure • Reduces Burn Injury and Provides Escape Time • Does Not Burn, Melt or Drip

6. THE IMPORTANCE OF THERMAL PROTECTIVE APPAREL (Continued) • Survival, Extent of Injury, Recovery, and Quality of Life Depend on Protection Provided by Thermal Protective Apparel

7. DATE OF TOTAL RESERVE ACCIDENT PAID AMOUNT 07/29/93 $ 618,301.81 $ 978,928.00 Medical = 562,677.78 250,000.00 Indemnity = 52,182.14 721,437.00 Vocational = 2,510.36 7,438.00 Expenses = 931.53 0.00 07/12/94 $ 217,128.98 $ 124,999.00 Medical = 184,572.12 124,999.00 Indemnity = 30,143.43 19,226.00 Vocational = 2,393.43 7,606.00 Expenses = 20.00 0.00 06/01/95 $ 40,682.21 $ 4,564.00 Medical = 32,707.38 4,564.00 Indemnity = 6,035.28 0.00 Vocational = 1,903.55 0.00 06/01/95 $ 12,309.92 $ 0.00 Medical = 9,213.25 0.00 Indemnity = 1,890.57 0.00 Vocational = 1,195.40 0.00

8. FLAME RESISTANT CLOTHING • Flame Resistant Clothing Will Not Ignite and Continue to Burn From Exposure to Flame. • Examples of Flame Resistant Clothing Products: • Products With Flame Retardants • FR Rayon Blends with Nomex® • Firewear® Modacrylic Cotton Blend • Flame Retardant Treated Cotton

9. FLAME RESISTANT CLOTHING (Continued) • Inherently Flame Resistant Products • Kevlar®/PBI Blends • Nomex®/Kevlar® Blends • Nomex® IIIA

10. BURN INJURY PRINCIPLES • BURN DEPTH IS A MEASURE OF SEVERITY • FIRST-DEGREE: SKIN BECOMES RED, NO BLISTER • SECOND-DEGREE: SKIN BLISTERS, EPIDERMIS MUST REGENERATE (100-MICRON DEPTH)

11. BURN INJURY PRINCIPLES (Continued) • THIRD-DEGREE: FULL THICKNESS DESTROYED, SKIN CANNOT REGENERATE, SCAR TISSUE FORMS (1,000-MICRON DEPTH) • EXPOSURE TO AN ELECTRIC ARC OR FLAME CAN RAPIDLY EXCEED HUMAN TISSUE TOLERANCE AND CAUSE SECOND- OR THIRD-DEGREE BURNS

12. CHANCES OF SURVIVALFROM BURN INJURY 100 25% Body Burn 80 50% Body Burn 75% Body Burn 60 Chance of Survival, % 40 20 0 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 Age Range, Years Source: American Burn Association (1991-1993 Study)

13. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FLASHFIRE TEST • Realistic Exposure Conditions That Simulate Real Life Hazards • Exposures Like Real Flash Fires • Fabric Sample Configuration Like Clothing on a Human Body

14. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FLASHFIRE TEST (Continued) • Meaningful Results • Clear Direction on Clothing Choices • Clear Differences Between Materials • Reproducible • Test to Test, Lab to Lab • Flash Fire Manikin Test Provides an Excellent Match for These Characteristics

15. EXPOSURE ENERGY • Exposure Energy is Expressed in Cal/Cm2 • Copper Calorimeters Are Used to Measure Exposure Energy • 1 Cal/Cm2 Is Equivalent to the Energy Produced by a Cigarette Lighter in One Second • An Exposure Energy of One or Two Cal/Cm2 Will Cause a Second-Degree Burn on Human Skin

16. EXPOSURE ENERGY (Continued) • Heat Flux Is the “Flow Rate” of Energy Onto a Surface • Exposure Energy = Heat Flux X Exposure Time • Typical Values for Industrial Flash Fire: • Heat Flux 1-4 Cal/Cm2-Sec. • Exposure Times 1-5 Sec. • Exposure Energies 1-20 Cal/Cm2

17. EXAMPLES OF ESTIMATED TOTAL INCIDENT ENERGY OF VARIOUS HAZARDS EXAMPLES OF EXPOSURE ENERGY. HAZARD WAS DETERMINED FROM DAMAGED GARMENTS IN THESE INCIDENTS.

18. ® THERMO-MAN Nomex® Coverall

19. MANIKIN TESTING • Realistic Flash Fire Exposure Conditions • Controllable Heat Flux and Exposure Time • Results Reflect Actual Industrial Exposures • Full Size Instrumented Manikin With 122 Thermal Sensors Measures Heat Transfer Through Garment • Amount, Degree, and Location of Predicted Burn Injury Calculated From Sensor Data

20. MANIKIN TESTING (Continued) • Bottom Line: Provides a Prediction of Burn Injury for Specific Garment Over a Full Range of Flash Fires

21. ® THERMO-MAN Nomex® Coverall Initial Torch Ignition

22. ® THERMO-MAN Nomex® Coverall Full Flash Fire Exposure 2 cal/cm sec 2

23. ® THERMO-MAN Nomex® Coverall After Torches Extinguish

24. THERMO-MAN® EVALUATION Conditions 5X Home Launderings 100% Cotton Underwear Heat Flux of 2 cal/cm2 sec Average of 3 Data Points Nomex® IIIA (4.5 oz/yd2) Predicted Body Burn Injury, % Nomex ® IIIA (6.1 oz/yd2 ) Nomex® IIIA (7.5 oz/yd2)

25. ® THERMO-MAN Flammable Coverall Full Flash Fire Exposure

26. ® THERMO-MAN Flammable Coverall Continues Burning After Torches Extinguish

27. THERMO-MAN® SIMULATED FLASH FIRE EVALUATION 100% Untreated Cotton (5.7 oz/yd2) Conditions 5X Home Launderings 100% Cotton Underwear Heat Flux of 2 cal/cm2 sec Average of 3 Data Points Data Acquisition Time 60 sec. Predicted Body Burn Injury, % Nomex® IIIA (6.1 oz/yd2)

28. THERMO-MAN® EVALUATION 100% Untreated Cotton (5.7 oz/yd2) Conditions 5X Home Launderings 100% Cotton Underwear Heat Flux of 2 cal/cm2 sec Average of 3 Data Points Firewear® (10.2 oz/yd2) Firewear® (6.1 oz/yd2) Predicted Body Burn Injury, % Nomex® IIIA (6.1 oz/yd2)

29. THERMO-MAN® EVALUATION 100% Untreated Cotton (5.7 oz/yd2) Conditions 5X Home Launderings 100% Cotton Underwear Heat Flux of 2 cal/cm2 sec Average of 3 Data Points “Indura” FRT Cotton (10.2 oz/ yd2) “Indura” FRT Cotton (6.1 oz/ yd2) Predicted Body Burn Injury, % Nomex IIIA® (4.5 oz/ yd2) Nomex IIIA® (6.1 oz/ yd2)

30. THERMO-MAN® EVALUATION Conditions 5X Home Launderings 100% Cotton Underwear Heat Flux of 2 cal/cm2 sec Average of 3 Data Points 100% Untreated Cotton (5.7 oz/yd2) Banwear (11.5 oz/yd2) Banwear (7.7 oz/yd2) Predicted Body Burn Injury, % Nomex® IIIA (6.1 oz/yd2)

31. ESTIMATED THERMO-MAN® PREDICTED BURN INJURY FOR STATION UNIFORMS/TURNOUT SYSTEMS POLY/COTTON OR COTTON STATION UNIFORM WITH UNDERWEAR PREDICTED BODY BURN INJURY. % NOMEX OMEGA® TURNOUT SYSTEM NOMEX® IIIA STATION UNIFORM W/UNDERWEAR NOMEX® IIIA STATION UNIFORM W/ UNDERWEAR EXPOSURE TIME, SECONDS

32. FLAME-RESISTANT CLOTHING SYSTEM COMMON SENSE GUIDELINES • Proper Wearing Procedures • Protective Clothing Selection Must Be Based on the Probable Worst Case Exposure for a Task. • Flame-Resistant Workwear Should Provide a Good Functional Fit for Protection and Comfort. Loose Fitting Clothing Provides Additional Thermal Protection Due to Increased Air Spaces.

33. FLAME-RESISTANT CLOTHING SYSTEM COMMON SENSE GUIDELINES (Continued) • Sleeves, Shirt, and Outerwear Should Be Fully Buttoned. • Appropriate Protective Neck, Face, Head, Hand, and Foot Coverings Should Be Worn.

34. FLAME-RESISTANT CLOTHING SYSTEM COMMON SENSE GUIDELINES (Continued) • Outerwear Must be Flame Resistant • Flammable Outerwear Can Ignite and Continue to Burn Essentially Eliminating the Protection of Flame Resistant Clothing Worn Underneath

35. FLAME-RESISTANT CLOTHING SYSTEM COMMON SENSE GUIDELINES (Continued) • An Ignited Flammable Outer Garment Creates a Heat Source Close to the Skin, e.g., A Nylon Wind Breaker Worn Over an Flame Resistant Coverall. Although the Flame-Resistant Coverall Will Not Burn, the Wearer Can Be Burned by the Additional Heat Transfer From the Ignition of the Flammable Outerlayer.

36. FLAME-RESISTANT CLOTHING SYSTEM COMMON SENSE GUIDELINES (Continued) • Under Garments (Underwear Worn Against the Skin) Should be Non-Melting • Non-Melting Undergarments, I.E., Cotton, Wool, Silk, Rayon, Can Be Worn to Increase Thermal Insulation and Protection. • Meltable Undergarments Can Increase Burn Injury Severity Due to Melt Adhesion to the Skin.