SOC 105

1. SOC 105 Chapter 12 Religion

2. Jonestown • November 1978 • 918 members committed suicide in Guyana, South America

3. Branch Davidians • April 1993 • 79 members were killed in the siege at the Mount Carmel compound

4. Aum Shinrikyo • March 1995 • 12 people died and over 5,000 were injured in the Tokyo subway attack

5. Solar Temple • October 1994 & March 1997 • Over 50 members died in fires set by the group

6. Heaven’s Gate • March 1997 • 39 members committed suicide at a mansion in Rancho Santa Fe, CA

7. Questions • Why do Religions emerge & develop? • Why do people join Religions?

8. Introduction • Rodney Stark defines religion as: • “socially organized patterns of belief and practices that concern ultimate meaning and assume the existence of the supernatural” • Nobody knows when humans first acquired religion • All known societies have some type of religion • Religion has influenced societies in enormous ways

9. Jewish 2% Mormon 1% None 5% Other 6% Protestant 59% Catholic 27% Source: Gallup Poll 1994. Religion in the United States

10. Functionalist Perspective • Religion has 3 important functions: • Providing meaning and purpose to life • Promoting social cohesion and a sense of belonging • Providing social control and support for the government

11. Religion can be dysfunctional too….

12. The Crusades

13. Taliban(Muslims) vs. Buddhists • A 175-foot Buddhist monument, believed to be the world's largest standing Buddha was destroyed by Taliban Muslims in Afganistan.

14. According to Karl Marx, religion is the "opiate of the people" Max Weber argued that religion could be a catalyst to produce social change Conflict Perspective

15. Symbolic Interactionist Perspective • Religion serves as a reference group to help people define themselves • Women’s versions of a certain religion usually differ from men’s versions

16. Secularization • “The process by which particular religious organizations become more worldly and offer a less vivid and less active conception of the supernatural”

17. The Secularization Thesis (The Old Paradigm) • Suggests that as society becomes more industrial and technological, religion is replaced by science

18. In the 1960s & 70s many social scientists predicted that religion would be replaced by science They noticed that the largest established denominations were losing members The Evidence?

19. Market Shares of Mainline per 1,000 Church Members, 1940-1985

20. Yet, these scientists neglected to look at other non-mainline denominations

21. Market Shares of Evangelicals per 1,000 Church Members, 1940-1985

22. Has Religion Been Displaced by Science? • Seems to be the case in Europe, but not in the U.S. • Churches receive more money than any other charity • Over 90% say they believe in God • Around 57% say they pray on a regular basis • Around 70% report that religion is “very important” in their lives • Church membership has increased over the years, not decreased

23. 70 60 50 40 Percent of Church Membership 30 20 10 0 1776 1850 1860 1870 1890 1906 1916 1926 1952 1980 1995 Year Rates of Church Affiliation, U.S., 1776-1995

24. An Alternate View (The New Paradigm) • Others suggested that secularization leads to religious revival and/or innovation • Religion will not be replaced by science

25. 1. Cultural Compatibility Early churches emphasized self-government and voluntary affiliation Fits well with cultural values about freedom of choice and individual initiative 2. Social Identity Churches help those who move around find a sense of community Why Does Religion Remain Relevant In The U.S. ?

26. 3. Disestablishment & Competition (Finke, Stark & Bainbridge) Separation of church and state ensures that no one religion or denomination is funded by the government Thus, religious monopolies are prevented due to competition This wasn’t the case in many European countries This creates an environment that encourages competition between churches Churches have to adapt to meet the needs and wants of “the marketplace” a.k.a. “a religious economy”

27. NRM’S typically arise in those areas where sects and churches have failed to satisfy the religious market What are NRMs? “The beginning phase of an entirely new religion” Differs from a sect in that sects attempt to purify or return to elements of an established religion The Geography of NRMs

28. Research has shown that NRMs are more successful in areas where “secularization” has occurred • The unchurched belt in the Western U.S.

29. Church Membership Rates Per 1,000

30. Studying Group Solidarity: Solomon Asch

31. Group 1 X Group 2 A B C

32. Group 1 X Group 2 A B C

33. Group 1 X Group 2 A B C

34. Response Rates

35. Why Do People Join NRMS?: Studying Religious Conversion • The brainwashing thesis • Based on psychology • Members are thought to be: • Young • Lacking strong social attachments • From lower socioeconomic classes • Uneducated • Weak minded and thus highly suggestible • The social network thesis • Based on sociology • John Lofland & Rodney Stark studied religious conversion to the Unification Church

36. Research Findings • Empirical research suggests the following generalizations • Those who are deeply committed to a faith do not go out and join another faith • Seekership precedes many conversions but…. • Converts don’t have to have a favorable opinion of the NRM before they join, and they don’t initially agree with the NRM’s ideology • Conversion is an act of conformity • Recruitment and conversion to NRMs happens primarily through pre-existing social networks with family and friends • Strong ties to others in the NRM are important for recruitment • Sustained intensive interaction is also important for retention • Members who are heavily involved have fewer and weaker ties to non-members

37. Conclusions • Conversion Is A Matter Of Conformity • Secularization contributes to the emergence of religious revivals and NRMs